Available at: https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2013/04/10/what-really-happens-in-a-flood-basalt-eruption/. 394, 838852. A History of Violence: Magma Incubation, Timing and Tephra Distribution of the Los Chocoyos Supereruption (Atitln Caldera, Guatemala). Basaltic explosive supereruptions remain enigmatic on Earth and therefore we advise against the use of supervolcano for any basaltic volcano or province on Earth. 17kyr), there is still only a 4.2% probability of a YTT-LCY type eruption pair (Supplementary Figure S6). 220, 103665. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103665, Williams, D. A., and Greeley, R. (1994). Front. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Triggering of Volcanic Eruptions by Large Earthquakes. Sci. Three-dimensional Mesoscopic Modelling of Shock Wave Propagation and Attenuation in Gravel Granular Filter. Pyle, D. M. (2015). Atitln volcano eruptions Stratovolcano 3535 m / 11,598 ft Guatemala, 14.58N / -91.19W Eruption list If you havn't done it yet, download the Volcanoes & Earthquakes app to get one of the fastest volcano news online: Android IOS No news in this list. Discovery Channel (1995). The evidence of protracted zircon crystallization with diverse physicochemical signatures as well as variable glass compositions in the YTT magmas suggests mush-derived melt heterogeneity in an extensive upper crustal magma reservoir (Reid and Vazquez, 2017; Tierney et al., 2019). Nature 395 (6705), 888890. Nature 359, 5052. A. doi:10.1002/2015gc005881, Miller, C. F., and Wark, D. A. 66 (8), 735748. Thus, there might be other supervolcanoes we have not identified in resource and opportunity limited regions that have been less volcanologically explored. The Potential Impacts of a Sulfur- and Halogen-Rich Supereruption Such as Los Chocoyos on the Atmosphere and Climate. Supereruptions, most of which are geologically old (pre-Holocene), and with products that may extend 1,000s of kilometers from source, are even more challenging to measure. The United States Geological Survey has the following formal definition on their website The term supervolcano implies a volcanic center that has had an eruption of magnitude eight on the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI), meaning the measured deposits for that eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles) (USGS website accessed 5 January 2022). Rep. 8, 2753. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21066-w, Tolan, T. L., Reidel, S. P., Beeson, M. H., Anderson, J. L., Fecht, K. R., and Swanson, D. A. (2016). Geosyst. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.003. (1991). doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2017.01.002, Mason, B. G., Pyle, D. M., and Oppenheimer, C. (2004). The summit directly overlies the inferred margin of the Pleistocene Atitln III caldera and is the highest of three large post-caldera stratovolcanoes . 288, 2845. The so-called Campanian supereruption is currently estimated at 181265km3 DRE, a mass of 4.76.9 1014kg, a magnitude (M) of 7.77.8 and a VEI of 7 (Silleni et al., 2020). doi:10.5575/geosoc.72.337, Bryan, S. E., Peate, I. U., Peate, D. W., Self, S., Jerram, D. A., Mawby, M. R., et al. Crystal Scale Anatomy of a Dying Supervolcano: An Isotope and Geochronology Study of Individual Phenocrysts from Voluminous Rhyolites of the Yellowstone Caldera. The volcano Atitlan has been quite active historically, with more than a dozen eruptions recorded between 1469 and 1853, the date of its most recent eruption. Long residence in a melt-present buffered state for both the YTT and LCY supervolcanic magmatic systems is suggested by their protracted zircon crystallization records. Emplacement Characteristics, Time Scales, and Volcanic Gas Release Rates of Continental Flood Basalt Eruptions on Earth, in Keller, G., and Kerr, A.C., eds., Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: Geological Society of America Special Paper 505, p. 319337. J. Volcanol. Anticipating Future Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7 Eruptions and Their Chilling Impacts. (2013). doi:10.1130/2014.2505(16), Self, S. (2006). Atitln Volcano, Guatemala - facts & information / VolcanoDiscovery Sci. doi:10.1007/s004450050224, Hogg, A., Lowe, D. J., Palmer, J., Boswijk, G., and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2011). A., Martin, B. S., and Tolan, T. L. (2013). doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.09.007, Chesner, C. A. Geosyst. Correlation of the Deccan and Rajahmundry Trap Lavas: Are These the Longest and Largest Lava Flows on Earth? A. Rev. 74ka Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT; 5,300km3 DRE; Costa et al., 2014), Sumatra, and Los Chocoyos (LCY), Guatemala (730km3 DRE; Kutterolf et al., 2016; Cisneros de Len et al., 2021), has implications for the global record of supereruptions and warrants an evaluation of the randomness of paired eruptions at the colossal scale. Front. doi:10.1190/1.1441276, Yuan, Q., Kong, X., Zhang, J., Fang, Q., and Hong, J. Geochronol. Try our free app! In this sense these eruptions are akin to aftershocks after an earthquake (or megaquake in this case) in that they are the residual effects of the major event - the afterparty to the big dance. (2004). 33 (1), 81107. 102 (6), 24682483. Atitln is the youngest and most active of the three volcanoes. Rhyolites and Their Source Mushes across Tectonic Settings. Evidence of Systematic Triggering at Teleseismic Distances Following Large Earthquakes. Volcanoes will be included on this list if they are within the boundaries of a country, on a shared boundary or area, in a remote territory, or within a maritime Exclusive Economic Zone. Geothermal Res. AGU 76, 241. 26, 81110. The Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) supereruption from Toba Caldera in Sumatra at ca. On the Meaning of a Black Swan in a Risk Context. An ancestral Acatenango volcano collapsed to the south sometime prior to 43,000 years ago, forming La . 117 (25), 254103. doi:10.1063/5.0031113. Volcanol. Supervolcanoes and Their Explosive Supereruptions. Commun. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Report on Asosan (Japan), in Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. Because the amplitude of the sulfate peaks is variable across the different ice cores due to spatial variation in the deposition, the relative ordering differs slightly between different datasets (see Supplementary Figure S1 for other records). Propagation and Dissipation of Elasto-Plastic Stress Waves in Two Dimensional Ordered Granular media. doi:10.1038/27650, Liu, P.-P., Caricchi, L., Chung, S.-L., Li, X.-H., Li, Q.-L., Zhou, M.-F., et al. A paired supereruption with YTT-LCY characteristics would be represented by 1.5 or 2.0 (either 1 or 2 eruption pairs) on the x-axis. We deem such an endeavor promising because glass compositions from the YTT and LCY tephra are unambiguously distinct in trace element abundances (Supplementary Figure S9). The sites of eruption are typically large calderas, but referring to supervolcanoes as simply calderas or caldera complexes (e.g., Poland, 2019) obviates the clear magmatic, volcanological, and structural extremes that distinguish supervolcanoes from other caldera complexes. Nevertheless, we propose that the YTT preceding LCY is the more likely scenario since the larger YTT supereruption would have produced stronger seismic perturbations (Zrn and Widmer, 1996). doi:10.1016/0377-0273(87)90055-2, Niespolo, E. M., Rutte, D., Deino, A. L., and Renne, P. R. (2017). Lake Atitlan's crater basin was formed in the wake of a massive volcanic eruption 84,000 years ago. 266 (1), 182194. Nevertheless, since permeable melt flow is a slow process (compared to flow in open fractures), a lag in triggering a supereruption from another is to be expected. If the term magnitude is used in any other way the context should be clearly specified. A 400-ka Tephrochronological Framework for Central America from Lake Petn Itz (Guatemala) Sediments. Of these last eruptions, the only strong one occurred on May 3, 1853, when ash darkened the skies around the lake. 57, 4451. 241-242, 112. Supereruptions as a Threat to Civilizations on Earth-like Planets. Other examples of potential supervolcanoes include the Ata Caldera in Kyushu, Japan, the source of the 110ka Ata Ignimbrite (Aramaki and Ui, 1966; Matsumoto and Ui, 1987) and the Taal and Laguna de Bay calderas in the Philippines that appear to be associated with major eruptions before 130ka ago (Torres et al., 1995); these last two are particularly interesting because they were of dominantly intermediate composition. Rev. 78, 10pp. Bull. Available at: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera. J. Volcanol. doi:10.2113/gselements.4.1.11, Mller, T. M., Gurevich, B., and Lebedev, M. (2010). Past 9 (2), 749766. Phys. Res. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.06.009, Gregg, P. M., de Silva, S. L., and Grosfils, E. B. Annu. Commun. J. Geophys. Rev. Lett. Sci. Gomberg, J., Blanpied, M. L., and Beeler, N. (1997). The LCY supereruption has not been studied for direct climate proxies but modelling connotes a strong potential in forcing climate change, especially by previously unconsidered sulfur coupled to halogen loading to the atmosphere (Krger et al., 2015; Kutterolf et al., 2015; Brenna et al., 2020; Brenna et al., 2021). Decadal Disruption of the QBO by Tropical Volcanic Supereruptions. (A) Ranked order plot and probability-density curves for the YTT and LCY zircon rim crystallization ages. An Improved Age Framework for Late Quaternary Silicic Eruptions in Northern Central America. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.020, Hill, D. P., Pollitz, F., and Newhall, C. (2002). However, these sulfur masses are only minima due to the unknown sulfur mass that was partitioned into a fluid phase prior to the eruption and potentially vented during the onset of eruption. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. doi:10.1029/2011jb008751, Tierney, C. R., Reid, M. R., Vazquez, J. 20 (11), 65216539. doi:10.1130/b25228.1. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Rayleigh Wave-Shear Wave Coupling Mechanism for Large Lateral Deformation in Level Liquefiable Ground. doi:10.1130/b25924.1, Gregg, P. M., Grosfils, E. B., and de Silva, S. L. (2015). 429, 234246. Wave Dissipation Performance of Granular Media Based on Three-Dimensional Meso-Model. Limited Global Change Due to the Largest Known Quaternary Eruption, Toba 74 Kyr BP? Saf. Using the CV values obtained from the synthetic sequences of n = 28, we find that our >400km3 bulk volume LaMEVE distribution lies within the 595th percentile for a random distribution (inset Figure 2). Supervolcano (Movie). Earth Sci. Catastrophic Caldera-Forming Eruptions: Thermomechanics and Implications for Eruption Triggering and Maximum Caldera Dimensions on Earth. Volcn Atitln is one of several prominent conical stratovolcanoes in the Guatemalan highlands. 118 (29), e2013046118. Proc. Sci. Supervolcanoes and Their Explosive Supereruptions. The only evidence for a post-climactic eruption at La Garita is the 1km3 Nutras Creek Dacite. Lake Atitln (Spanish: Lago de Atitln, [atitlan]) is a lake in the Guatemalan Highlands of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Geol. 8, 6994. This is an important point of agreement with colleagues who would reject the term supervolcano. (2007). doi:10.1130/b31167.1, Robock, A., Ammann, C. M., Oman, L., Shindell, D., Levis, S., and Stenchikov, G. (2009). 8, 170. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00170, Tatsumi, Y., Suzuki-Kamata, K., Matsuno, T., Ichihara, H., Seama, N., Kiyosugi, K., et al. Giant Rhyolite Lava Dome Formation after 7.3 Ka Supereruption at Kikai Caldera, SW Japan. AC acknowledges funding support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grants SCHM 2521/6-1 and KU 2685/7-1; TM acknowledges funding support from the Crosby Postdoc Fellowship at MIT; SdeS acknowledges support from National Science Foundation grant EAR 1551187 for studies of the Toba caldera. The Formation of Terrains Antipodal to Major Impacts. Mason, B. G., Pyle, D. M., and Oppenheimer, C. (2004). J. Volcanol. (2004). (2016). A. (1998). 236 (1-2), 1327. In contrast to Tolimn, Atitln displays a . Natl. Geophys. 163, 7293. (Accessed January 22, 2022). Calderas and Magma Reservoirs. 9 (4), 308311. Lett. The 26.5 Ka Oruanui Eruption, New Zealand: An Introduction and Overview. A short recurrence interval between two supereruptions is unique, even considering present dating uncertainties (mainly due to the 1.8ka uncertainty for LCY). Bull. 482, 621629. 2 (1), 17. doi:10.1130/focus082008.1, de Silva, S. L., and Gregg, P. M. (2014). (2010). However, if a coincident recharge event in both systems occurred shortly before the ca. 2, 16. doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00016, Crick, L., Burke, A., Hutchison, W., Kohno, M., Moore, K. A., Savarino, J., et al. The tephra record for the YTT lacks evidence for an initial Plinian-style eruption but distal deposits were attributed to co-ignimbrite deposits generated in ring-caldera fractures (Chesner, 1998). Along with its twin volcano Tolimn to the north, it forms a dramatic backdrop to Lake Atitln, one of the scenic highlights of the country. Phys. The reverse triggering of YTT by LCY would also be possible through similar physical effects of LCY associated long-period seismic waves. There is clear observational evidence of focusing of seismic surface waves near Atitln caldera from large earthquakes in Sumatra (e.g., Dec 2004, M9.1 and April 2012, M8.7; Supplementary Figure S8) although this focusing is not exactly antipodal due to Earths internal heterogeneity (e.g, subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges). (B) Potential YTT-eruption-induced seismic-triggering mechanisms influencing Atitln caldera sub-volcanic system prior to the LCY supereruption. Lett. (2021). Bull. doi:10.1007/s004450050266, Sager, W. W., Zhang, J., Korenaga, J., Sano, T., Koppers, A. P., Widdowson, M., et al. Name Atitln means "between the waters". demonstrated eruptive activity <100 kyrs. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (2012), and 3Cisneros de Len et al. There a supervolcano refers to a volcano that was the source of at least one supereruption. Solid Earth 113 (B9), 114. Quat. We evaluate whether the temporal clustering of large eruptions is purely random using the timing of >400km3 bulk volume (>M7) Quaternary eruptions (LaMEVE; Crosweller et al., 2012) that produced well-preserved deposits in the geological record. (2021). Physically, supervolcanoes differ from other volcanoes not only in that the biggest eruptions are outsized and their impact is potentially far greater than normal eruptions, but the appearance of the volcano itself after eruption is also distinctive: it does not conform to the common image of a volcano. We appreciate an informal review of an early version of this work by Jake Lowenstern that helped us clarify this contribution. J. Soc. doi:10.1029/2009jb006554, Denton, C. A., Johnson, B. C., Wakita, S., Freed, A. M., Melosh, H. J., and Stern, S. A. Int. Res. Such supervolcanoes may produce eruptions that exceed M 9 but we stress that most eruptions from supervolcanoes are actually small effusive eruptions. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.006, Wang, Z., Gu, B. W., Yuan, Q., and Lv, Z. (2012). Petrol. doi:10.1029/96gl00706. Granular Matter 18 (3), 118. B., Smith, R. B., Heasler, H., Morgan, L. A., Nathenson, M., et al. 2 (9), 610627. doi:10.1093/petrology/egp023, Wilson, C. J. N., Cooper, G. F., Chamberlain, K. J., Barker, S. J., Myers, M. L., Illsley-Kemp, F., et al. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Black bars through symbols are 1 age uncertainties. doi:10.1029/2020gl089687, Brum, J., Gennisson, J. L., Fink, M., Tourin, A., and Jia, X. We note that sulfate spikes T1 to T4 show relatively large-magnitude sulfur mass-independent fractionation (S-MIF) isotopic signatures (Figure 1B; Crick et al., 2021), which are indicative of large eruptions from tropical locations, the plumes of which reached altitudes at or above the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Revisions to the Estimates of the Areal Extent and Volume of the Columbia River Basalt Group, in Reidel, S. P., and Hooper, P. R., eds., Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 239. p.1-20, Torres, R. C., Self, S., and Punongbayan, R. S. (1995). doi:10.1006/icar.1994.1116, Williams, M. (2012). Potential Atmospheric Impact of the Toba Mega-Eruption 71,000 Years Ago.
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