The process of narrative therapy can be difficult to describe because it can vary considerably by client and counselor. Zeig, J. One technique counselors employ to show they are listening and yet stay out of the clients way is to use minimal encouragers (Egan, 2001). Counselors must often pay as much attention to the business aspects of their practice as to the counseling component. (1990). Martin, J. I think maybe I took that test a few years ago at the school I transferred from. MPrincipleofRespectfortheindividual Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 30, 3544. Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Flexibility refers to the counselors ability to be creative, open, and aware of the here-and-now in counseling (Hansen et al., 1994; Van Kaam, 1966). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis (6th ed.). Ellis works to detect thinking that has no basis in reality and that tends to catastrophize events. Do you have preferences for the types of counseling approaches you feel most comfortable employing in counseling? Colleagues and supervisors may be more objective and able to help you decide on an appropriate course of action. I just dont have any confidence in myself about taking risks. (1996). 24 CHAPTER 2 When faced with conflicting messages on nonverbal and verbal levels, counselors tend to trust nonverbal communication as more indicative of basic feelings. Westport, CT: Praeger. Some beginning counselors, however, view counseling as a means of promoting religious values to solve clients problems. How clients are harmed by sexual contact with mental health professionals: The syndrome and its prevalence. References APA Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. Jordan and Niemeyer suggested that these findings might be explained by three factors: (a) Grief is normally self-limiting, that is, most mourners can work through losses with the help of family and friends; (b) the type of brief grief counseling delivered in research studies is too weak to be effective; and (c) methodological problems, such as inappropriate measures used to measure outcome, may have prevented researchers from detecting larger counseling effects. How will you feel if a client perceives you as attractive, wise, or racist? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Finding your way as a counselor. In general, when counselors lead too much, they lose their clients, both figuratively and literally. Research examining the effects of the number of counseling sessions on outcome has provided no clear consensus. Leading clients into a sensitive area too soon can be risky. . Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Journal of Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 15, 333350. Individuality and diversity: Theory and research in counseling psychology. Doing what works in brief therapy: A strategic solution focused approach (2nd ed.). Cultural values: A review of empirical research and implications for counseling. The relationship of patient-therapist interaction to outcome in brief psychotherapy. wants and desires. New York: Norton. Choosing or creating an intervention that both client and counselor believe will be effective. New York: Academic Press. Gender and ethnicity: Influence on test interpretation and reception. . Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books. 25 POSITIVE THINKING DOES NOT EQUAL RATIONAL THINKING Some beginning counselors mistakenly equate Elliss concepts of rational and irrational thinking with positive and negative thinking. In addition, some evidence indicates that roughly one-third of grief-counseling participants worsen over the course of counseling (Fortner, 1999). ), Scientist-practitioner perspectives on test interpretation (pp. The ego and the mechanisms of defense. 6 WHEN YOU DONT KNOW WHAT TO SAY, SAY NOTHING Particularly in counseling, silence is golden. 5984). COUNSELOR: Bill, I havent heard you mention your family in any of this. ), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (2nd ed., pp. To ensure a connection between a client and a new agency, for example, the counselor must first address any fears or misconceptions the client holds about the agency. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. . COUNSELOR: You seem so hopeless that I wonder if you have thought about hurting yourself. . 461470). The task of the counselor is to engage the client in such a way that both are working together to resolve the issues that brought the client to counseling. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Brooks/Cole, visit www.cengage.com/ brookscole. COUNSELOR 1: Jim, I understand you feel youve come to the end of your rope. CLIENT: Well . Because this processing may influence progress, it is important to develop your ability to recognize and work with clients feelings for you. Clients 35 36 CHAPTER 4 may feel relieved when asked because suicide is so difficult to discuss with friends and family. 300304). New York: Wiley. CLIENT: I was too angry to talk. (2006). This model represents our initial ideas about the causes, origins, or development of Robins problem. Clients often experience intense feelings such as rage or grief. TAKE CONTROL OF THE SITUATION Particularly with suicidal clients, counselors must take direct action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Instead of judging whether behavior is right or wrong, counselors should assess clients in terms of psychological theory and practice. COUNSELOR: Weve spent several sessions speaking about how you can adjust to your illness . Thus, clients reported relatively quick improvement on items assessing acute distress symptoms (such as temper outbursts and hopelessness), whereas characterological items (such as paranoia and sleep trouble) took longer to evidence change. (1999). Practice in role plays, actual experience, professional supervision, development of a theory of counseling, and useful feedback are the requisites for competent counselors. Not experienced any coercion or pressure, either direct or indirect, during the decision-making process 4. CLIENT: I was really upset when she said she didnt like me. Research and research hypotheses about effectiveness in intercultural counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. CLIENT: It feels good to hear you say that. This chapter summarizes the major contemporary approaches to intervention. CLIENT: Yeah . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. (1992). Counselors often help clients become aware of the nonverbal level. Journal of Career Development, 24, 195208. CLIENT: I have faint recollections of my father hurting me when I was very young . CLIENT: My mom thinks I should go into social work. How might you stay informed about research describing and evaluating counseling approaches? Rescuers are persons who do the problem solving and helping in their social groups. xii, 173 pages : 24 cm. DETERMINE THE REAL CLIENT In crisis situations, the identified client may not be the real clientthat is, the person who needs attention. Process variables: Four common elements of counseling and psychotherapy. ), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. (1996). Hall reported that she tried to help them change the focus of their interactions from reliving the tragic event by describing it over and over to each other in graphic detail, which only continued to retraumatize them, to talking about the impact the experience had on them personally (p. 205). The first question to ask, then, is, Does the client have a method in mind? ), Current psychotherapies (5th ed., pp. . Moses, E. B., & Barlow, D. B. We consider supervision so important that we strongly recommend that you continue supervision after your official training ends. At its worst, then, eclectic counseling involves guessing or flying by the seat of your pants. In this chapter, we describe 13 approaches to counseling that we have found to be important, based on a mixture of research and counseling practice. Clinical Supervisor, 18, 137149. National Board for Certified Counselors. Walitzer, K. S., Dermen, K. H., & Conners, G. J. Thus, beginning counselors may fear that their mistakes and inadequacies will be most apparent during the termination process. Theory helps the counselor decide how to use the elements in this book. (2002). Elements of Modern Algeb, 13t* EDITION Im going home this weekend and my father wants to know what my major is and what kind of job Im going to get when I graduate. Schema therapy: A practitioners guide. In this section we describe several of the newer approaches that we think will have staying power. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. If mistaken expectations are ignored, clients may drop out or fail to make progress. Becoming solution-focused on brief therapy. Brief therapy in the year 2000 and beyond: Looking back while looking forward. These common elements are: 1. CLIENT: I start to studyI stay up all night and read, but after a couple of nights of that I just dont feel like working anymore. F. INVEST IN A BOX OF TISSUES Sometimes clients cry. As with counseling in general, being culturally competent can involve learning what not to say or do that would impede the counseling process. Assuming you are an average counselor, what percentage of your clients might be expected to NOT make progress? 29 DEVELOP CRISIS INTERVENTION SKILLS Because of the stigma sometimes associated with counseling (Only sick people see counselors), it may take a crisis to motivate some people to seek therapy. Hardy, R. E. (1991). CLIENT: Ive been depressed for so long now that Ive just about given up hope. The mental health interview. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 117122. Wells, M. G., Burlingame, G. M., Lambert, M. J., Hoag, M. J., & Hope, C. A. Lijtmaer, R. M. (1998). "Counselling is the application of the personal resources of the school or other institution to the solution of the problems that individuals have." Characteristics of Counselling: According to cattle counselling has the following characteristics: 1. Once mastered, the counselor makes an exception to the basic form only when she or he thinks through the situation carefully. From such information, the counselor might decide to pursue marriage counseling or help the client plan for such events in the future. For example, if a client appears at your office with a simple phobia, you could employ systematic desensitization with a strong expectation for success (Wolpe, 1990). Proponents of a common factors approach point to the findings of psychotherapy outcome studies that indicate that all approaches have approximately equal effects (for example, M. Smith & Glass, 1977; Wampold et al., 1997). Luborsky, L. (1993). As explained in the following section, the usefulness of providing information also depends on when it is done. Even this client, however, had the wherewithal to seek out help from another source. (authoritatively) CLIENT: Really? COUNSELOR: You can call me any time of the day or night when you need help. Thus, idiographic data that flow from the elements of a case conceptualization can provide documentation about counseling progress as well as indicate modifications to the model that could result in more effective interventions (Claiborn & Goodyear, 2005; Hartman, 1984; Paul, 1986). (smiling) COUNSELOR: You were upset . Listening builds relationships, even between individuals of very different backgrounds (Bruner, 2004). Finally, practical issues such as documenting the counseling progress and the referral process are briefly discussed. (2000). 3158). . Im wondering if I have to notify her about his threat. STRATEGIES TO ASSIST CLIENTS IN SELF-EXPLORATION CHAPTER 2 This chapter provides additional guidelines about a particularly important aspect of the counseling process: client self-exploration. From a clients perspective, groups provide emotional support, models of coping behavior, and evidence that ones problems are shared by others. One, working as a career counselor at a high school, was interviewing new freshmen about their career aspirations. ), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. . But she is also likely to be able to recall situations where she did not perform extremely well and no catastrophic consequences occurred. American Psychologist, 55, 250251. Many counselors (beginning and advanced), however, appear to believe that they must offer counsel. How might the methods of qualitative research help us understand a clients use of language? Theory and practice of group counseling (7th ed.). Research in counseling: Methodological and professional issues. Zetzel, E. (1956). For example, counselors can help clients with phobias and depression, but researchers can only partially explain the etiology of those problems and why counseling works with them when it does. Tej Bahadur Singh Montague, J. A revolution in counseling research. 249273). New York: Guilford. American Psychological Association. Documentation has five benefits: 1. . Strupp, H., & Binder, J. CLIENT: I was so mad I just got up and left. Avoid judgments on clients who no-show. (1989). Rogers, C. (1990). This lack of consensus is understandable given the relative youth of the helping professions and the complexity of the undertaking. One newer approach that explicitly focuses on client affect is emotion-focused therapy (Greenberg, 2008). Comparative effects of group psychotherapies in a short-term inpatient setting: An experience with deterioration effects. References Atlas, J. CLIENT: He was surprised. I sat at home a lot, and I just kept getting more irritable. Be wary of assuming that how you respond to an event or feeling corresponds to how your client reacts. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 3, 108121. Landman, J., & Dawes, R. (1982). Be especially careful to avoid jargon that would confuse clients. New York: Wiley. Integrating family therapy. Although feminist authors have offered a range of philosophical beliefs and therapeutic approaches, a common core of five values and attitudes can be described. You too may transfer your feelings about past relationships onto your clients. Foa, E. B., Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (4th ed.). it reminds me of a 15-round boxing match, and were only in round 3. The contributions of emotion processes to narrative chance in psychotherapy: A dialectical constructivist approach. We revised and added material in the section on culturally competent counselors, noting the increased emphasis in the counseling professions on the effects of globalization and the need for counselors to be aware of military culture as they work with veterans and their families. By learning about clients through attentive listening and offering acceptance of clients as they are, counselors develop a bond of trust and support. 174181). Feminist therapy. . Tentativeness reminds counselors of their ignorance of clients subjective worlds, and it also provides room to make mistakes. This page intentionally left blank American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 40, 306319. San Diego: Academic Press. Human behavior has multiple causes, and no counselor can always be aware of all the factors helping and hindering change. Kelly, G. (1992). If you have similar feelings, supervision is the best place to address them. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 649658. Im very upset. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Counseling & psychotherapy theories in context & practice. COUNSELOR: Dont you think you were a jerk to do that? New York: Basic Books. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274281. Malcolm, J. To help you understand and apply the information in this chapter, consider these questions: Which emotions in others are you most comfortable with? DRESS APPROPRIATELY Dressing for success may be more necessary in business than in counseling, but some clients judge counselors by their attire. Principles of counselling. The skilled helper: A problem-management approach to helping (9th ed.). Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 66, 718. What were those issues? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 313315. Empirically supported psychological therapies. CLIENT: You dont like me because Im blind! COUNSELOR: Yes, it is. (Eds.). Stiles, W. B., Agnew-Davies, R., Hardy, G. E., Barkham, M., & Shapiro, D. A. Investigating clinical trainee development through item analysis of selfreported skills: The identification of perceived credibility. Skilled group counselors supply moderate amounts of group rules and emotional challenges, along with A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INTERVENTION 69 high amounts of support and interpretation of group processes (Lieberman, Yalom, & Miles, 1973).
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