We each go about our daily lives engaging in routine behaviors with little awareness. (1990). Fume hoods are typically the best method of protection when working with flammables, corrosives, water reactive chemicals, and pyrophoric materials as well. See figure below for suggested baffle positions. Hypothesis 3: Installation of the sticker will be associated with a decrease in the number of times fume hoods are left open when the area is unoccupied and the hood is likely inactive. Retrieved from: https://new.usgbc.org/leed (accessed May 7, 2018). At universities and other research institutions, laboratory buildings in particular are a focus of energy conservation efforts because of their high energy use stemming from HVAC requirements and other equipment use (Woolliams et al., 2005; Mathew et al., 2007). Ouellette, J. 609-258-6251, Steve Elwood 18, 429434. During the intervention periods, results did not support hypotheses stating that the installation of the sticker alone would result in a decrease in the number of times fume hoods were left open (when occupied or unoccupied), but did support hypotheses stating the addition of feedback would result in a decrease in the number of times fume hoods were left open. During the follow-up period 1 year after the intervention, hoods in the control building were left open while unoccupied an average of 10 times, the same as Period 1/Baseline. Factors important for choosing new equipment were reliability, quality, and cost (i.e., not energy efficiency). There was no main effect of the sticker on closure activity (Period 1/Baseline Period compared to Period 2/Sticker Period in experimental building, mean difference = 4.1, p = 0.224). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). . Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models in SPSS for Mac (version 24). Keep laboratory doors and windows closed and limit movement in front of the hood. V. Laboratory Design a. Fume hoods should be located so that persons exiting the lab do not have to pass in front of the hood. The hood can also contain accidental spills of chemicals. This study is the first to account for activity by using occupancy data in conjunction with sash height and use instances of closure as the dependent variable. In other words, for energy conservation behaviors to occur, they could not be seen as interfering with lab operations in any way. ^In 2008, a UCLA researcher died as the result of burns suffered after chemicals ignited during an experiment in a fume hood. Personal. Sensors that monitor occupancy and equipment use 24/7 can help pinpoint behaviors that drive excess energy use. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Health Saf. Results supported three of the six hypotheses. Recognize Safety Symbols used in the text, experiments and in the classroom. In the second case, researchers recorded sash height from an automated building monitoring system in 51 labs during 10-day periods before installation and 1, 2, and 3 months after installation. Four floors of the building house 45 fume hoods. The World's Greenest Buildings: Promise Versus Performance in Sustainable Design. In addition to providing a low-cost strategy to bring about behavior change, findings from this study suggest opportunities to improve fume hood design and to use automated building data to provide laboratory workers with feedback to change their behavior. Use your fume hood, or other engineering controls, rather than the benchtop when there is a possibility of overexposure to air contaminants generated by a laboratory activity. The use of feedback in lab energy conservation: fume hoods at MIT. 19, 107117. In the case of a laboratory fume hoods, a sliding track and a handle on a sash afford opening and closing. Some hoods are equipped with airflow monitors that display a digital readout of the face velocity and/or beep or light up when the velocity is too low. 262 Alexander Street However, if the environment changesif we climb into the back of a rideshare van with an unfamiliar seat belt configurationthen buckling a seat belt rises to a level of consciousness again. (615) 322-5000, Making Health Care Personal There are too many chemicals stored here. Researchers downloaded data from each EMCS and then calculated alarm state frequencies (times a hood was left open) for each hood. i. The fume hood must be operated with thesash no higher thanthe red arrow. doi: 10.1108/14676370510623856, Yudelson, J., and Meyer, U. If you have concerns regarding your fume hood during a shutdown orneed help troubleshooting issues with your equipment, contact Environmental Health & Safety at 206.543.9510. Perchloric acid hoods shall be prominently labeled Perchloric Acid Hood.. First, most laboratory behavior interventions have been information-heavy and labor-intensive (i.e., requiring frequent updates, written materials, meetings, etc.). The study also employed comparative feedback. Harvard University. Abrahamse, W., Steg, L., Vlek, C., and Rothengatter, T. (2005). doi: 10.1145/1409040.1409044. Given that the experimental group began with a higher rate of leaving the fume hoods open, statistical regression to the mean could be a threat to internal validity. Fume hoods are installed in laboratories to protect workers from hazardous vapors generated by laboratory experiments. Soc. First, environmental affordances connect to our perceptual system, our environment, and our actions. Third, many studies have relied on manual spot checks for hood closure data, which introduce measurement issues. Laboratory fume hoods are first and foremost safety equipment that protect workers by removing potentially harmful gasses from a building. 54, 462479. Building occupants may use equipment in unintended ways, alter equipment, change equipment settings, block equipment, or otherwise act in a manner that increases energy use above what was predicted during the design process. Without non-conscious processesincluding habitsit would be difficult for us to navigate our daily lives, where we make countless decisions and carry out numerous repeated behaviors (Neal et al., 2006). Overall, the intervention had a significant effect on closure behavior. It seems clear that the implementation of energy saving approaches must overcome perceptions that they compromise the ease and productivity of operations in the labs (p. 587). Affordances can be thought of in negative terms as wella vertical surface does not afford sitting, for example. The combination of repetition, consistent connection to an environment, and our general tendency to conserve cognitive effort for unfamiliar, consequential situations can lead to the formation of habitual behaviors. Containers are stored too close (within 6 inches) of the face of the hood. Fourth, while automated building data has been used in studies, the data did not account for occupancy. Relatively little is known about how to successfully initiate habit formation in the real world (Lally et al., 2010). In that study, fume hoods with vertical sashes like those in this studyrealized the most energy savings. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.032, Logan, G. D., and Cowan, W. B. Open doors and windows can alter the air balance in the room and disrupt the airflow in the hood. Rev. When considering cues in an environment, two concepts from environmental psychology are particularly useful. Europ. Although the experimental and control buildings were matched as closely as possible in terms of the type of work being performed in them, the groups were non-equivalent. In laboratory settings, there is one door that many people do not close consistently: the fume hood sash. Work at least 6 inches into the hoodfrom the face to minimize the potential for fumes to escape. Because of their role in removing air from a building, laboratory fume hoods can be thought of as part of a building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Context change and travel mode choice: combining the habit discontinuity and self-activation hypotheses. Laboratories can experience ventilation shutdowns. The study is limited because it used a sample on one university campus, which limits its generalizability. Description air flow in fume hood demonstrated by dry ice fog In one case, researchers manually measured sash heights in 10 laboratories before sticker installation and then 2 months later and again several months after installation. Front. The habitual consumer. If a hood fails an inspection, it may need to be taken out of service until repaired. The weekday model enabled the data to be matched on day of the week and for equivalent total hours to be calculated cleanly, with a buffer around spring break. When UW Facilities has completed repairs, EH&S will retest the hood and put it back in service. Most of us consistently close refrigerator, microwave, garage, car, or front doors without consciously making a decision to do so. If the hood user stands up against the face of the hood, air currents produced by turbulent airflow may transport contaminants into the experimenter's breathing zone. A., Drake, M. J., Kumar, D., Anders, A. S., Wang, E. N., et al. Closure is a simple behavior with no sub-steps, no need for significant learning to occur, no other behavior that needs to be undone or stopped, and the existing fume hood closure behaviors (or lack thereof) are not particularly strong (Verplanken and Wood, 2006). In this example, the fume hood sash is set at the proper height (18 inches). During the subsequent period when feedback was added (Period 3/Sticker+Feedback Period), the number of times hoods were left open in the control building rose to 11.3, while in the experimental building dropped to 5.9. To capture dependent variable data during the study, a university programmer created an EMCS report based on room occupancy and fume hood closure. Each stamp increased a lab's chances of winning a prize. Check the airflow indicatorprior to use to ensure the fume hood is drawing air. Beyond frequency: habit as mental construct. J. Soc. Given the simplicity of the target behavior here, which consisted of only one step (the simplest behavior in the Lally et al. b) you may be dismissed from the lab. Proper use of the fume-hood sash can also shield the worker from an uncontrolled reaction. High. 7 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2019, https://green.harvard.edu/programs/green-labs/shut-sash-program, http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/prin4.htm, https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/sash_management_guide.pdf, https://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/FumeHoodFactSheet_7.16.pdf, https://energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/fume-hood-sash-stickers-increases-laboratory-safety-and-efficiency-minimal-cost, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#consumption, http://www.i2sl.org/elibrary/documents/ucirvine_2013.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States. The aim of the current study was to test whether a simple intervention could increase fume hood closure behavior. When a fume hood is in use, its door (or "sash") needs to be open, but otherwise it should be closed for safety, as well as to conserve energy. Fume hood closure behavior has substantial implications for energy use. Stanford Fume Hood Energy Conservation. Psychol. Second, with custom combinations of events, presentations, information campaigns, and emails, existing interventions are difficult to replicate. 6, 363382. For optimum performance, adjust the baffles when working with high temperature equipment and/or heavy gases or vapors. 95, 10821095. Exhaust slots are blocked. Low flow fume hoods are designed to operate at 70 LFM at 18 inches sash height. Bull. Refer questions concerning biosafety cabinets to the OCRS Biosafety Officer (322-2057). The purpose of the hood is to contain contaminants and prevent their escape into the laboratory. The conservation-related behaviors that study participants did engage in (e.g., equipment sharing, bulk operations, turning off lights) were done primarily for convenience and for monetary savings. Newer technologies include audible alarms and sashes that close automatically with inactivity, but are more complex and require expertise to install or can require significant investment for retrofit or replacement (Sartor and Kasliwal, 2007; Becerra et al., 2018). ^For fume hood closure, three inches was used as an approximation to allow for small structural issues (e.g., if a sash was slightly off level with the hood frame and unable to close completely) and hoods where the number and size of hoses and power cords running under the sash made it impractical to achieve 100 percent closure. (1979). Med. Other than feedback posted shortly after stickers were installed, there was no communication to raise awareness regarding the fume hoods or energy conservation more generally. Repair and maintenance of the hoods is performed by UW Facilities. As we become more familiar with and knowledgeable about an environment, we are less likely to make conscious evaluations and more likely to act automatically. The sash should be closed if no one is actively working at the fume hood. One week later (at the end of intervention), the feedback was removed. Pairwise comparisons were used to test each hypothesis (i.e., to test for differences between each time period for each building). A fume hood is a ventilated enclosure in which gases, vapors and fumes are contained. Closing the sash results in a complete smiley face, while leaving the sash open leaves the sticker broken.. If large equipment must be placed in the hood, put it on blocks to raise it approximately 2 inches above the surface so that air may pass beneath it. London: Routledge. One likely leverage point for habit formation is the context itself (Neal et al., 2006; Verplanken and Wood, 2006; Verplanken et al., 2008). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: a theory of an act of control. Int. If research requires large equipment in the hood, place it on blocks to allow airflow under the equipment. The amount and content of individual lab discussions varies widely, depending on the principal investigator and, if applicable, lab manager. From the results, it can only be concluded that the sticker in combination with the feedback had an effect. Laboratory buildings can consume four to five times more energy than commercial buildings of similar size (Woolliams et al., 2005). Signage and stickers could serve as intentional signifiers delivering cues for appropriate behavior (closing the hood). Laboratory hoods and biosafety cabinets (or tissue culture hoods), although similar in appearance, are different devices. The sticker and feedback together resulted in significantly fewer instances of hoods being left open (a 52.8% reduction overall). Strategies for promoting proenvironmental behavior: lots of tools but few instructions. Energy conservation attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors in science laboratories. user working under the same fume hood, must be posted to indicate the working piranha solution, corrosive and explosive hazards, and contact information of person responsible for the piranha etching process. Energy 131, 394410. eep baffles and other ventilation openings clean, free of accumulating dust, and unobstructed by collections of numerous containers. Storing materials in this way is, therefore, a misuse of an expensive piece of equipment. Biosafety Cabinets Laboratory Fume Hoods A properly operating and correctly used fume hood can reduce or eliminate exposure to volatile liquids, dusts, and mists. INSIDE FUME HOOD OR VENTILATED ENCLOSURE (< 500 ml) doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x, Verplanken, B., Walker, I., Davis, A., and Jurasek, M. (2008). The exhaust fan is typically stationed at the top of the building and pulls air through the duct work connected to the hood and exhausts it into the atmosphere. On the other hand, a sash left open by a lab-mate could be an unintentional signifier for a different type of acceptable behavior (leaving the hood open). A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation. Public Policy Market. c) get theinstructor'spermission. Public Econom. Energy 30, 18591864. 25, 273291. EH&S performs a functional performance test to assure hoods perform as required about every 18 months. HVAC systems in laboratory buildings use 100% outside air to ensure safety (Sahai, n.d.). Data were equalized for day of the week and number of hours across time periods to create the most accurate comparisons. Psychol. Psychol. Comparisons between baseline and activity 1 year after installation of the sticker show that when a fume hood area is occupied (presumably when the sticker is visible while workers are busy working at something other than the fume hood), the sticker continues to have an effect. Our Vision:The world leader in advancing personalized health A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviourA meta-analysis. Curr. U.S. Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Interactions 15, 1819. Post-intervention, frequency of fume hood closure increased and average sash height during inactive periods decreased from 9% open to 6% open. A well-worn path connecting two sidewalks suggests where park-goers take shortcuts. Procedures using concentrated perchloric acid (>70%) or heat any amount or concentration of perchloric acid must be performed in a closed system or within a specially designed perchloric acid fume hood with wash down systems to prevent the accumulation of explosive perchlorates in the hood and ducting. Feedback included an image for each fume hood in the buildinga smiley face for fume hoods that were rarely left open unoccupied, a straight face for fume hoods sometimes left open unoccupied, and a surprised face for often open when unoccupied (see Figure 4). However, as with other areas of environmental behavior (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002), Kaplowitz et al. Fume hoods are designed to provide personnel protection from toxic or volatile chemicals by continuously delivering airflow away from the user to the work area. Educ. Figure 5. e) you may be asked to work alone and away from other students. Vanderbilt University Medical Center Transcribed image text: 1. Ann. During the 2-week follow-up period 1 year after the original experiment, hoods in the control building were left open while occupied an average of 9.9 times, similar to Period 1/Baseline Period (9.0). In the case of unoccupied times, by the end of the experiment, the average number of times fume hoods were left open in the control building had increased and experimental building had decreased such that they almost, but did not quite converge. 2. Note: Lowering the sash provides additional personal protection from projectiles and can also resultin significant energy conservation. KA conceived of the study, designed the study and the intervention materials, oversaw data extraction, conducted the data analysis, and wrote the paper. Mark a line with tape 6 inches behind the sash and keep all chemicals and equipment behind that line during experiments. Using Chemical Fume Hoods . A fume hood is used to control exposure of the hood user and lab occupants to hazardous or odorous chemicals and prevent their release into the laboratory. The experimental building has ~250,000 square feet. One year was chosen because it was considered substantial enough to test whether the intervention had lasting effects, and because activity levels would be expected to be similar at the same time of year as when the original experiment took place. Dishpan type containers are provided by EHS upon request. d) you may be asked to explain yourself. OUTSIDE FUME HOOD OR VENTILATED ENCLOSURE Alert others and evacuate to a safe distance and prevent entry. The case for sustainable laboratories: first steps at Harvard University. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.08.003, Woolliams, J., Lloyd, M., and Spengler, J. D. (2005). ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 ANSI Standard for Laboratory Ventilation,, ASHRAE 110-1995 Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods., 20 UW Environmental Health & Safety Department | 201 Hall Health Center, Box 354400, Seattle, WA | Tel: 206.543.7262 | Fax: 206.543.3351 | ehsdept@uw.edu, If you have any questions about selecting or purchasing a fume hood, please contact John Kelly at 206.616.3722 or, Fume Hoods: Use, Inspection and Maintenance, Building Emergency Procedures and Resources, Fire Code Hazardous Materials (HazMat) Compliance, Radiation Detection Instrument Calibration, Use of Radiation in Human Subjects Research, UW Research & Training Building Remediation, Asbestos and Other Regulated Building Materials, Hazardous Energy Control - Lockout/Tagout, UW Form 1803: Notice of Laboratory Equipment Decontamination, Notice of Cleaning and Decontamination Form (updated 8/10/21), Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limits (OSHA PELs), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limits (NIOSH RELs), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit values (ACGIH TLVs), American Industrial Hygiene Association Workplace Environmental Exposure Limits (AIHA WEELs). doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x. More specifically, the two dependent variables, which were also referred to as alarm states in the EMCS reports, were defined as follows: Occupied alarm: While an area was occupied and the fume hood sash was left open >3 for more than 2 h4,5. Hypothesis 2: The addition of feedback will further decrease the number of times fume hoods are left open when the fume hood area is occupied. b) use your hand to fan fumes away from you. Complete and post thisform when performing fume hood decontamination (UW Form 1803: Notice of Laboratory Equipment Decontamination). Hypothesis 6 posited that over long term, the presence of the sticker will continue to be associated with a reduced number of times the fume hood is left open when the area is unoccupied. J. Consum. EH&S is required to help assure that the appropriate hood is selected and that the building's infrastructure can support the installation. Hoods in the experimental building were left open while unoccupied an average of 17.1 times, an increase from the Period 3/Sticker + Feedback period (12.7), slightly lower than the Period 2/Sticker period (17.9), and lower than the Baseline period (22.1) (see Table 4). Hypothesis 1 posited that installation of the sticker would be associated with a decrease in the number of times the fume hoods were left open when an area was occupied. Making plans, weighing options, and making deliberate choices would fall under conscious cognition. This is important for safety as a good working practice, stated by industry standards such as ANSI/AIHA Z9.5. 19, 579592. An insight into actual energy use and its drivers in high-performance buildings. Sniehotta, F. F., and Presseau, J. Leaving a fume hood open when not actively in use can result in a tremendous amount of wasted energy. Once formed in a specific environment, habits are then triggered by that environment. Soc. Additionally, some components of older hoods may contain asbestos and therefore should not be damaged. Hypothesis 1: Installation of the sticker will be associated with a decrease in the number of times fume hoods are left open when the area is occupied. 1. Always work at least 6 inches into the fume hood and behind the sash; work with 1N solutions (or less) is allowed on open bench. The fume hood must be used properly. NW assisted in study design, oversaw study implementation, and edited and contributed to the final manuscript. Res. Each fume hood is estimated to use the equivalent of three to three-and-a-half times the energy as an average U.S. home (Mills and Sartor, 2005). Painted lines on a street signify whether it is appropriate to pass other drivers. The gap between expected and actual building performance can occur due to building design and maintenance problems, but gaps can also result from occupant behavior (Brown and Cole, 2009; Li et al., 2014). (2011). Unoccupied alarm: While the area was unoccupied for 15 or more minutes and the fume hood sash was left open > 3. Please contact OCRS (322-2057) if you have questions regarding proper use of your fume hood or if you would like to have your fume hood tested. (2006). Place large or bulky equipment near the rear of the fume hood. We will troubleshoot the problem and we may refer it to UW Facilities for repair. J. Appl. Others implementing an intervention similar to the one presented here may expect to see a decrease in the number of times people leave fume hoods open, but the amount of energy savings that fume hood behavior change translates into will be dependent on specific circumstances in a building, including how a building and its equipment are designed. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.925, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Becerra, L. L., Ferrua, J. 58, 10151026. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462, Bargh, J. Psychol. Built Environ. Psychol. The typical fume hood found in Princeton University laboratories is . The university has undertaken an extensive laboratory ventilation management program that balances safety and sustainability, taking into account both the amount of air exchanged to protect workers from potentially hazardous materials and the energy required to provide that air. Using a Fume Hood All fume hood users should take Fume Hood Training to properly understand the elements of a hood and to learn about proper fume hood use. When a fume hood sash is left open, movement in the room (e.g., a person walking by) can alter airflow and cause dangerous fumes to escape from the hood. This study contributes to the literature in several ways. study, drinking a water at lunch each day, consisted of at least two steps), it would be reasonable to expect a relatively quick change. During the Period 1/Baseline Period, hoods in the control building were left open while occupied an average of 9 times. Acquiring automaticity for behaviors likely depends on the complexity of the behavior (i.e., the more complex the behavior, consisting of more steps, with a higher likelihood that some of those steps involve more conscious decision making and action, the longer it takes).