His first example of violent means to promote economic gain is pillaging, whether to gain resources or to supplement or supply wages of soldiers. Greed-rebellions need to generate grievance for military cohesion, grievance rebellions might be driven to predation to raise finance. (2009, 24) conclude that their original hypothesis is still valid and 'where rebellion is feasible it will occur'. Section 4 presents a range of robustness checks and Section 5 discusses. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. African Security Review. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Instead of the circumstances which generate a They found that factors that increase the military or financial viability of rebellion correlated with more instances of conflict than factors leading to grievances. The Talibans insurgency is in opposition to the NATO and United States supported Afghan transitional government of Hamid Karzai. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. "Greed and grievance in civil war," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2355, The World Bank. A third economic function is the monopolistic control of trade. What is it about? Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Contrasting the diffuse nature of the Arab funding, the Taliban receive considerable support from their Pakistani Pashtun brethren. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. In Section 3 we use econometric tests to discriminate, between rival explanations and develop an integrated model which provides a, synthesis. The RIS is designed to serve the needs of students and scholars interested in every aspect of international studies, including the political, economic, philosophical, legal, ethical, historical, military, cultural and technological dimensions of the subject. The mountainous region between the two states is an ideal hiding place for insurgents and also provides many circuitous avenues for smuggling heroin. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. This argument reflected Colletta's assessment of DDR's capability to influence the warring parties' political will when ''peace agreements are lacking or non-inclusive'' (UNDP, 2010, p. 2). They found that factors that increase the military or financial viability of rebellion correlated with more instances of conflict than factors leading to grievances. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. 563-595 Published by: Oxford University Press Stable URL: JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler. Conflicts started through greed are often seen in states with negative economic growth and/or systemic poverty, as this implies limited state capacity to provide opposition groups with economic concessions as well as the likelihood of the absence of an effective military or police apparatus to contend with those seeking power or resources. "THE SUN IN THE SKY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAKISTANS ISI AND AFGHAN INSURGENTS," 4. David Keen is one of the major critics of greed vs. grievance theory, defined primarily by Paul Collier, and argues the point that a conflict, although he cannot define it, cannot be pinpointed to simply one motive. Their analogies have contoured many policy dissertations with time and the studies are still referred to by a number of governments and international organizations. The relationships between risk, For many people outside of Africa, the continent conjures up images of perpetual violence seemingly revolving around ethnic or religious identity. Gretchen Peters cites a strained relationship with its Pakistani neighbors as a problem limiting the success of the Karzai government. Societies can be more prone to conflict because preferences for rebellion are unusually strong or because constraints on rebellion are unusually weak the former being aligned with grievance and the latter with greed. This allows the Taliban to rapidly acquire recruits. He believes that although a conflict, whether it be the War on Terror or the conflict in Sierra Leone, may be centered around some concept of greed or grievance, this can never solely explain a conflict. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions economic motivation) is an important factor propelling violence in a great many civil wars. Since then our work has increasingly called into question whether motivation is as important as past emphasis upon it had implied (Collier and Hoeffler, 2007). "America, the Cold War, and the Taliban.". Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, "Engine of War: Resources, Greed, and the Predatory State", Greed & Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, Do Grievances Matter: An Experimental Examination of the Greed vs. The prevention of civil war is therefore a key priority for international attention. in seemingly uncompromising terms, he argued . 259 pp., $29.99 paperback (ISBN-13: Greed versus grievance theory has been a milestone in understanding conflicts and civil wars around the world. Most rebellions are ostensibly in pursuit of a cause, supported by a narrative of grievance. One of the most prevalent authors in rebutting greed vs. grievance is author David Keen, in his book, Complex Emergencies. grievance versus greed-and different explanations-atypical grievances versus atypical opportunities. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Keen, David. Mehmet has a good relationship with his neighbours. Finally, some analysts see no reason why greed and grievance should be presented in antagonistic 'either-or' terms for the explanation of the causes of intrastate conflicts. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War," Economics Series Working Papers WPS/2002-01, University of Oxford . Political Science. In fact, the work by Collier and Hoeer (along with more qualitative work) has fed into some productive initiatives to rein in war economies, including the Kimberley Process and the various UN 'Panel of Experts' reports on conicts in Africa. Pakistans role encompasses a number of characteristics important to the greed model; ethnic homogeneity, a supply of unskilled labor, and lawless borderlands. Journal Article Beyond greed and grievance: feasibility and civil war Get access Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler, Dominic Rohner Oxford Economic Papers, Volume 61, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 1-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpn029 Published: 24 August 2008 Cite Permissions Share Abstract Economics. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Can you please help . [20] The previous involvement of the Taliban in an armed insurgency allows one of the issues with a greed-based insurgency to be dismissed. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Benefits from opium production begin for the Taliban with imposing a 10% tax on farmers growing opium (a protection fee), followed by control over heroin labs and heroin sales to smugglers. The editors of the RIS are receptive to the extensive array of methodologies now employed in the humanities and social sciences. In addition, many Pashtuns in the region are uneducated and poor. Unlike Collier, Keen does not attribute conflict to be driven more by greed than by grievance; he stresses how the two forces interact so that greed generates grievances and rebellion, which in turn legitimizes further greed. "Grievance" stands for the argument that people rebel over issues of identity, e.g. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved. Extracting benefits from aid that is sent to a conflict area is also beneficial for rebel groups as there are often possibilities to raid resources sent from abroad. Request Permissions. Which one is a true Geocentric view or a Heliocentric view? Financing combatants is crucial to the success of any rebellion. Enter your library card number to sign in. Civil war is the most prevalent form of large-scale violence and is massively destructive to life, society, and the economy. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. thus wrote paul collier in 1999. drawing on statistical data of civil wars since, Since the end of World War II, civil war has been the most common form of large-scale violent conflict; in total, this type of armed confrontation has killed about sixteen million people (Regan. However, they have two extraterritorial means of support based on ethnic affiliation. OCHA Glossary of Humanitarian TErms 2008. 'a useful conceptual distinction in understanding the motivation for civil war is that between greed and grievance'. Keen specifically critiques Paul Collier, a leading expert in greed vs. grievance theory, by claiming that Collier became too comfortable with numbers, and needed to rely more on the actual opinions of people involved in conflicts. We test a `greed theory focusing on the ability to finance rebellion, against a`grievance theory focusing on, With "Ill Fares the Land", Tony Judt envisages a new politics for our troubled times. From oil in Nigeria and diamonds in the Democratic Republic of Congo, to, The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author. We find little evidence that motivation can account for civil war risk but we suggest that there is evidence to support our feasibility hypothesis: that where a rebellion is financially and militarily feasible it will occur. [26] He doesnt believe that it can be dismissed so easily. David Keen. Before, arguments about the outbreak of civil wars focused on the irrationality and, The literature on civil wars tends to understand peoples decision to join a rebellion as the product of a static source of motivation often greed or grievance. Paul Collier & Anke Hoeffler, 2002. 2004 Oxford University Press by Hildebrand, Diogo, et al. Using a comprehensive panel data set of conflict over the period 1960-99 we examine the risk of civil war using logit regressions. [3] Examples of this include diamonds in Sierra Leone and Angola, timber in Cambodia, coca in Columbia, and poppy in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Another function is extortion of protection money from people who can afford it so they can be spared violence inflicted upon them. Reuters, September 11, 2012. In the Afghan case there havent been many successes in peace building. Most studies thereby assume that the, The assumption that an insurgency effort must culminate in the seizure of state power became the go-to clich of the twentieth-century understandings of the Civil War. The final explanatory feature important to the Talibans insurgency as a greed-based rebellion is the influence of a previous rebellion. this with economic accounts which explain rebellion in terms of opportunity: it is the circumstances in which people are able to rebel that are rare. As rebel organizations need to be fairly large to have a significant impact and incite a civil war, the looting of primary commodity resources is the best way for them to maintain financial viability. As the following section will illustrate, the greed model is not without holes or needed additions, but the Taliban insurgency can definitively be characterized as an actor motivated primarily by the conditions that foster the greed model. The World Bank, 7. Consistent with the greed theory, both dependence upon primary commodity exports and a large diaspora substantially increase the risk of conflict. Paul Collier & Anke Hoeffler, 2004. [7] Elite groups within weak states attempt to harness economic agendas and resources within a given civil society and are motivated to create private profit by mobilizing violent means. This provides the Taliban with another requirement for greed based rebellion; unskilled workers who can fill out security and infantry requirements. This constitutes the greed model factor of extraterritorial governmental support for an insurgency laid out by Collier.[18]. The essential compulsion at the heart of protest, however, is conventionally not recognised for what, Abstract The theoretical framework of greed and grievance provides a perspective for understanding conflicts in a social set-up that comprises competing interests. It provides a window on current trends and research in international studies worldwide. Beyond Greed and Grievance REVIEWED BY CYNTHIA L. IRVIN Nova Southeastern University The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. "Incentives and Disincentives for Violence." It currently publishes more than 6,000 new publications a year, has offices in around fifty countries, and employs more than 5,500 people worldwide. The strong case for the "greed" argument was made by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler in a study they performed for the World Bank at the turn of the millennium. We contend that insurgent recruitment is different, This article investigates the conflictpoverty relationship in Africa between 1980 and 2015. Drawing on statistical data of civil wars since the mid-sixties, his conclusion at the time was stark and unequivocal: 'grievance-based explanations of civil war' were 'seriously wrong'.2 In seemingly uncompromising terms, he argued instead that the key to understanding Most rebellions are ostensibly in pursuit of a cause, supported by a narrative of grievance. Eric Walsh. While economic agendas have been shown to be an important factor in shaping civil wars, there are several problems with prominent explanations centring on rebel 'greed', notably those put forward by Paul Collier. Collier and Hoeffler's (2004) empirical findings conclude that the set of variables representing rebel opportunity or greed akin to loot-seeking are the main reasons for civil war. [28] They examine a myriad of factors and conclude that too many factors come into play with conflict, which cannot be confined to simply greed or grievance. 1017 Citations Most related Related works & more Corrections Author Listed: Collier, Paul Hoeffler, Anke Registered: Paul Collier Anke Hoeffler Abstract The authors compare two contrasting motivations for rebellion: greed and grievance. But since grievance assuagement through rebellion is a public good that a government will not supply, economists predict such rebellions would be rare. The political science literature explains, conflict in terms of motive: the circumstances in which people want to rebel are, viewed as sufficiently rare to constitute the explanation. Primary examples of this are weapons and drugs. This brief case study will provide concrete examples of the factors that compose the Greed Model. Anthony Vinci makes a strong argument that, fungible concept of power and the primary motivation of survival provide superior explanations of armed group motivation and, more broadly, the conduct of internal conflicts. There have been various arguments concerning their role in its emergence, with most for greed as the key factor as the backbone of all conflict including civil war while a few others also consider . Authors set up alternative ideas that need to be introduced and explored. Paul Collier has produced a well-written and apparently plausible thesis on 'greed and grievance', evidenced in several published texts, which concludes unambiguously that greed, not grievance . Request Permissions, Review by: Analogous to the classic principles of murder detection, rebellion, needs both motive and opportunity. A second component of the Greed Model is the presence of a large diaspora funding the conflict. We investigate the causes of civil war, using a new data set of wars during 1960-99. For more information about JSTOR, please contact, Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at, is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to, 132.174.252.161 on Tue, 03 Nov 2020 20:29:10 UTC, ( Oxford University Press 2004 Oxford Economic Papers 56 (2004), 563-595 563, All rights reserved doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064, *Centre for the Study of African Economies, Unive, tCentre for the Study of African Economies, Unive, We investigate the causes of civil war, using a new data se, Rebellion may be explained by atypically severe grievance, a lack of political rights, or ethnic and religious divisions, it might be explained by atypical opportunities for build, While it is difficult to find proxies for grievances and op, political and social variables that are most obviously relate, explanatory power. Most rebellions are ostensibly in pursuit of a cause, supported by a narrative of grievance. Collier and Hoeffler compare two contrasting motivations for rebellion: greed and grievance. The insecurity and lack of formal state governance over the Afghan south-east and the Pakistani west also makes a significant contribution to the robustness of a greed based argument here. The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. There are many works that rebut the idea of greed vs. grievance. He was documented saying, It also annoys me that a lot of the scientific air of the Collier work is quite bogus as the selection of proxies is so arbitrary, which demonstrated a distinct attack on Colliers work, which emphasizes quantitative data. This chapter provides an overview of the book by critically examining some of the ways in which risk and identity intersect especially in relation to conflict. [15] Diaspora populations, who are usually wealthier than their native counterparts, are able to mobilize for collective action, and do not directly suffer the consequences of a conflict. These motivations are manifested in multiple ways, including economic gain through control of goods and resources or by increased power within a given state. I tried various ways to solve it but does not work. 2005 Cambridge University Press By contrast, economic variables, which, ances but are perhaps more obviously related to the viabi, Civil war is now far more common than international conflict: all of the 15 major, armed conflicts listed by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute for, In this paper we develop an econometric model which predicts the outbreak, of civil conflict. This isnt necessarily a complete dismissal of the greed vs. grievance theory, but rather a critique on its polarity and methods of data collection. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Conflict research was in vogue during the 1990s as theorists grappled with new global realities after the end of the Cold War, including the dissolution of the Soviet Union and global bipolarity. Authors such as Cristina Bodea and Ibrahim Elbadawi, who co-wrote the entry, Riots, coups and civil war: Revisiting the greed and grievance debate, argue that empirical data can disprove many of the proponents of greed theory and make the idea irrelevant. Hirshleifer (1995, 2001) provides an important refinement on the motive-opportunity dichotomy. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Published four times a year, ISR is intended to help (a) scholars engage in the kind of dialogue and debate that will shape the field of international studies in the future; (b) graduate and undergraduate students understand major issues in international studies and identify promising opportunities for research; and (c) educators keep up with new ideas and research. Don't already have a personal account? Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2000. Greed and grievance in civil war By Paul Collier* and Anke Hoefery *Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford yCentre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, 21 Winchester Road, Oxford OX2 6NA; e-mail: anke.hoefer@economics.ox.ac.uk He classifies the possible causes of conflict into prefer-ences, opportunities, and perceptions. Greed and Grievance in Civil War Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler October 21st, 2001 Abstract We investigate the causes of civil war, using a new data set of wars during 1960-99. His ideas look into the specifics of complex emergencies, which is a term officially defined by the InterAgency Standing Committee (IASC) as: It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. [27] View your signed in personal account and access account management features. A lottery has a grand prize of $100,000, two runner-up prizes of $20,000 each, nine third-place prizes of $5000 each, and thirteen consolation prizes of $1000 each. "Complex emergencies and humanitarian responses." Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Collier and Hoeffler set up a simple rational choice model of greed-rebellion and contrast its predictions with those of a simple grievance model. One of the primary characteristics of a Greed based conflict as listed above is the ability to derive income or revenue from natural resource predation. Register, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Probably the most coherent rebuttal of Collier's work comes from David Keen, articulated in his book 'Complex Emergencies'. Extortion and donations from diasporas are two possible financial sources used by rebellion groups. [4] Diaspora populations are also likely funding sources for rebel groups, as was the case with the Tamil population in North America funding the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka. Conducting a panel regression, we test the effect of disaggregated conflict on the poverty index (POV) and, While economic agendas have been shown to be an important factor in shaping civil wars, there are several problems with prominent explanations centring on rebel greed, notably those put forward by, Recent literature has highlighted the role of political instability in the relationship between growth and inequality.