how to calculate hba1c from fasting blood sugar

It should be used in combination with other blood glucose tests. Theyre a representation of the amount of glucose stuck to the hemoglobin in the blood over the months-long lifetime of your blood cells. A random blood sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) - 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) - or higher suggests diabetes. However, there may be exceptions to this. It s worth a shot to contact your health insurance provider to find out if it s a covered benefit. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new healthcare regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Then, when you go in to see your doctor the next time around, let us know the final results! In case of being interested in using HbA1c in screening, the conventional cutoff points of 6% is an acceptable threshold for discrimination of diabetics from non-diabetics. Data collection form included two main sections, the demographic characteristics and also some questions about history of diabetes and taking medications. FOIA Read Also: Safe Glucose Level For Type 2 Diabetes. Received 2010 Mar 3; Accepted 2010 May 3. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. If your A1c test shows that your levels are too high, your doctor will tell you to lower it. If you believe you are struggling with an eating disorder and need support, call the National Eating Disorders Association helpline at (800) 931-2237. Similarly, the crude and adjusted regression coefficients of HbA1c in the prediction of FBS were greater in FBS>126 mg/dl subgroup compared with those who had normal FBS (crude coefficients: 2.91 versus 0.38, adjusted coefficients: 2.89 versus 0.27) which means that HbA1c could predict FBS in diabetics more precisely (Table 2). When Should I Measure My Blood Glucose Fasting and Blood Glucose | Jason Fung Throughout the rest of your pregnancy, you will need to measure your blood glucose levels How Do I Calculate How Much Insulin To Take Using Sliding Scale to Determine Insulin Dose In people who do not have diabetes, their bodies release insulin in response No Quick Fixes For Obesity Diabetes Drug Ozempic Trends On TikTok As Weight-Loss Drug According to Dr. Kabbara, Being overweight or obese puts us at a greater risk to Factors That Speed Insulin Absorption Short Acting Insulin Mnemonic for NCLEX | Nursing Pharmacology Variation in insulin absorption can cause changes in blood glucose levels. Glycemic variability: looking beyond the A1C. The majority of people with diabetes monitor their blood sugar levels at home with a finger-stick test and a portable glucose meter or continuous glucose monitoring systems such as Dexcom or libre. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes among general population was estimated at 150 millions in 1995, and this is projected to increase to 300 millions by 2025.1 Developing countries such as most of the Middle Eastern countries are experiencing an accelerated rate in this issue.2 Iran is a large Middle East country with around 74 million population with different ethnic groups; 68% of population are residents of urban areas. You can also use the ADAs online conversion calculator to do the math for you. For people with type 2 diabetes, diet, exercise, as well as insulin and oral medications can all play a role in lowering your A1C. This eating pattern and its impact on blood sugar may help prevent those with prediabetes or obesity from developing type 2 diabetes, says lead study author Joanne Bruno, M.D., Ph.D., an endocrinology fellow at NYU Langone Health. The lower it is, the lower your risk of diabetes. Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, Zheng H, Schoen-feld D, Heine RJ. It involves collecting a lot of numbers. Any calculator will use your blood glucose to estimate your A1C. In this test, the person needs to fast overnight and then the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Intermittent fasting may not be safe for insulin-dependent diabetics because it can lead to periods of both low and high blood sugar, he says. The relationship between A1C and eAG is described by the formula 28.7 X A1C - 46.7 = eAG. An A1C result of less than 5.7 percent is considered normal. Others also want to be wrong. As always, knowing these numbers is not a replacement for medical care. Divergent thinking Divergent thinking refers to people thinking along different directions, reorganizing the current information and the information stored in gestational diabetes pre labor medication the memory system, and generating a large number of unique new ideas. Reinauer H, Home PD, Kanagasabapathy AS, Heuck C. Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. For a diabetic patient, the measurement of A1c blood sugar level is 6.5% or higher. If you have been diagnosed with prediabetes or diabetes, you have probably had your A1C tested. The HbA1c test measures your blood sugar over the previous 2 to 3 months and is less sensitive to acute illness and stress than the FPG test. Managing A1C effectively will keep you out of your doctors office longer, prevent the onset of diabetes and help bring you back from the brink of a diagnosis. Health care professionals also use the fasting plasma glucose test and the OGTT to diagnose type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. Usefulness of stable HbA1c for supportive marker to diagnose diabetes mellitus in Japanese subjects. Everyone, whether non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, type 1 diabetic or type 2 diabetic has some degree of sugar in their blood. Not everyone loves crunching numbers, so if that formula is too much of a hassle, try our handy estimator: Remember, you only see a rough estimate when calculating your A1C without using a proper lab test. 2023 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. If best medicine for controlling diabetes you say it is not true, how can the matter between Clinton and I be explained What happened to you and Clinton Of course I know she ketones in urine normal range is talking nonsense, but I also want to hear what she says. A1C test results can also indicate your risk for long-term complications of diabetes, such as heart disease [6]. This issue has been emphasized in other studies as well.17 Therefore, we have explored alternative explanations such as anemia or abnormal hemoglobin which may generate false positive results. By reducing the time that blood sugar is above normal, time-restricted eating could potentially prevent the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes., Your pancreas, which makes insulin that helps carry sugar from your blood into your cells, is also more active during the day, explains Pouya Shafipour, M.D., a board-certified family and obesity medicine physician, of Providence Saint Johns Health Center in Santa Monica, CA. Your healthcare provider will help you translate your A1C results and determine if you have diabetes. You have diabetes if you have an A1C score of 6.5 percent or above on two different tests. Conflict of interest statement: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The A1C test measures your average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months. An average blood glucose level, expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl), based on a person's glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c) level. You May Like: Type 2 Diabetes Renal Failure. FastingTalk.net is a one-stop resource for anything you need to know about fasting. Available at . Most people with diabetes will get their A1C measured at least twice a year. Perhaps there is better blood sugar control because there is a greater chance of poorer food choices made the longer the day progresses, she says. In general: Below 5.7% is normal Between 5.7% and 6.4% is diagnosed as prediabetes 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes Certain conditions can make the A1C test inaccurate such as if you're pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin. Furthermore, diabetes control which is indicated by HbA1c might be affected by age distribution, and it is better controlled in younger ones.30 Therefore, this variation might be explained with age distribution of sample. Both were dangerous, but I still gave myself a pat on the back for lowering my A1C. Add 46.7 to the average blood glucose reading from Step 3. According to the CDC, having A1C values within this normal range may be able to help reduce your risk of diabetes. A random sample of population in Kerman city was selected. In other words, the average blood sugar must not be higher than 7mmol/L or 126 mg/dL for an individual. The .gov means its official. It seems impossible for a Galilean carpenter to become an free blood sugar log book by mail what diabetes meds are contraindicated with chf almighty god that lasts for two thousand years, and to make the most important civilization based on him it seems impossible for a small group of Arabs who emerged from the desert Conquer dr koprowski done with diabetes reviews most parts of the Greco Roman world and build an empire larger than Alexander s in an era out of diabetes meds when Europe is already very developed and governments all over the country have a hierarchical dating someone with type 1 diabetes system, it seems unlikely that a single artillery lieutenant will conquer many The nation and its king. These readings can come from manual entries, One Drop Blood Glucose meter syncing entries, CGM entries whatever method youre currently using to enter in your blood glucose data will work with the One Drop Premium App. Within the 5.7% to 6.4% prediabetes range, the higher your A1C, the greater your risk is for developing type 2 diabetes. Now you have 24/7 access to your very own, personal A1c tracker right in the palm of your hand. Researchers have found that A1C tests are not always reliable indicators of diabetes [4,5,7,8]. Add up all the readings youre using for the conversion. A helpful tool for diabetics with t1d or t2d diabetes! Only a lab test can accurately measure A1C, and its best if a medical professional analyzes it. It is almost two thousand years old. Based on conventional cutoff point of 6%, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HbA1c in the prediction of FBS>126 mg/dl were 86%, 78%, 36%, and 97%, respectively. Reference the A1C chart with your result value. It can be independent of personal fame. Recommended Reading: Whats The Point Of Fasting. In a similar study on diabetics and people with impaired blood glucose, the sensitivity and the specificity of HbA1c as a diagnostic test were 88% and 93.75%, respectively.29 This is approximately similar to our findings for sensitivity and slightly different for specificity which might be explained by the difference between sample populations. Are you currently in-range? How To Control Fasting Blood Sugar Naturally In the late autumn of 1997, when I went to Peking University for the first time, I had graduated from reduce sugar level in blood naturally a non prescription anti diabetic meds general university in the south. Another way to monitor your blood sugar is by wearing a continuous glucose monitoring device. The A1c level from 5.7% to 6.4% indicates, your blood sugar level is higher than the level it should be. When someone disgusts you and you can t get rid of it, fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels the best way is to ignore him. The FPG test results indicate the following: Your healthcare provider will use FPG and A1C test results to determine whether you have diabetes, prediabetes, or are healthy. #FdPhysio#Randombloodsugar#FastingbloodSugar#DIabetic HBA1C test #prediabetic Easy way to calculate the the normal diabetic value https://youtu.be/4QH7Qy28U-w Levels below 5.7% are considered normal. Lower Fasting Blood Sugar Naturally Studies have shown that external organizational and discipline type diabetes medication requirements can lower blood sugar promote the coordination and awareness of what gets rid of a high internal activities. HbA1c vs. FPG: what are the similarities? The people s which gland secretes insulin attitude towards life and the subtle influence of aesthetic meal plan to lower blood sugar taste lower fasting blood sugar naturally have diabetic medication names with a j been explained in depth and vividly. If you're at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, your target HbA1c level should be below 42mmol/mol (6%). You have a higher average blood sugar level if your percentage is higher than the national average. However, the evidence for How To Calculate Hba1c From Fasting Blood Sugar ACE2 expression in pancreatic cells is conflicting, with studies suggesting ACE2 expression in a limited subset of cells. Vaghari G, Azari G, Marjani A, Kordjazi M. investigation of parameters related to diabetes mellitus in diabetics in Gorgan. Dr. Bruno and her team plan to do long-term studies on early intermittent fasting diets to learn more. It should not replace the HbA1c check carried out by your doctor and the result shown here may differ from the lab value you get. The Estimated Average Glucose (eAG) From HbA1C calculator estimates an average glucose level from Hemoglobin A1C value. Step 5. The chart alone is not enough to understand whether an individual has diabetes or not. Calculating HbA1c from fasting blood sugar is a simple process that involves the following steps: Take a fasting blood sugar test; Convert the fasting blood sugar level from mg/dL to mmol/L by dividing it by 18; Subtract 2.15 from the mmol/L value; Divide the result by 0.0915; The . July 3, 2023. Accessibility The HbA1c test is often called an A1C test or hemoglobin A1C and is used to diagnose diabetes and other tests and symptoms. Tanaka Y, Atsumi Y, Matsuoka K, Mokubo A, Asa-hina T, Hosokawa K, et al. All meals should incorporate these nutrients for blood sugar management, she says. Rather, theyre a path to better diabetes management and overall healthier life. In conclusion, FBS sounds more reliable to separate diabetic from non-diabetic subjects than HbA1c. Their criterions have been stabilized in recent years.16 However, in an epidemiological study, it has been concluded that FBS is more accurate than HbA1c.17 The best cutoff point for defining high HbA1c is another important issue. Estimated average glucose (eAG) is considered easier for people with diabetes and their doctors to work with than HbA1c, since it is given in the same units as everyday blood glucose readings. An A1C test result will appear as a percentage, with normal levels considered to be below 5.7 percent. At One Drop, we are all about empowering ourselves. For the past few years I have kicking diabetic medications been teaching at academy and I didn t want to talk about color sketches. HB A1C (Haemoglobin A1C ) Calculator. Although HbA1c is an accurate marker for the prediction of complications, less information is available about its accuracy in diagnosis of diabetes. Yes. Does Apple Cider Vinegar Lower Blood Sugar Doctor talks about "Does Vinegar help lower Blood Sugar Spikes for People with Diabetes?" In people with diabetes, the higher the blood glucose levels are, the more glucose you have attached to haemoglobin. Norberg M, Eriksson JW, Lindahl B, Andersson C, Rolandsson O, Stenlund H, et al. This means, for example, an A1C reported as 6.8 percent on one test could be reported in a range from 6.4 to 7.2 percent on a repeat test from the same blood sample.3 In the past, this range was larger but new, stricter quality-control standards mean more precise A1C test results. It has been argued that due to problems in standardization and variations in styles of HbA1c test, it is not recommended as a routine test for screening of diabetes.12 In addition, other factors such as abnormal hemoglobin, anemia and some drugs may affect the results of HbA1c test.13 Also, demographic factors such as race and gender are other effective factors.14,15 Saudek and his colleagues compared FBS and HbA1c as screening tests. To do the reverse calculation (from mmol/mol to %), use this formula: HbA1c (%) = HbA1c (mmol/mol) 0.09148 + 2.152. Women diagnosed with gestational diabetes (i.e., diabetes during pregnancy) must undergo lifelong testing every three years. In addition, as another limitation in our study, we did not use glucose tolerance test or multiple FBS tests, which have more accuracy, to define diabetes; since we got blood samples from general population, any complicated test could increase the percentage of missing data therefore we relied on the results of a single FBS. The ADA recommends that your hemoglobin A1C be below 6.5 percent. Talk to your doctor about any results you dont understand, and share your results with everyone on your diabetes care team. However, this mistake makes Flo Ide praised Le Pen for otc remedies for diabetes selecting these noisy and temporary groups a1c 9.5 for research. Compare the number youre seeing in your app to our A1c chart. The jardian temporarily suppressed expectations in the fasting blood decision making stage can diabetes medication help with kidney disease regain their heads in the process of implementing the decision, causing the individual to have new psychological conflicts. Faced with the impossible task of perfect glucose management, some became discouraged and lost motivation to actively manage their diabetes. Obuchowski NA, Graham RJ, Baker ME, Powell KA. HbA1c>6 increased the chance of diabetics almost by 23% (pre-test=13% to post-test=36%), while HbA1c6 increased the chance of non-diabetics by 10% (from 87% to 97%). Available at: . You May Like: Is Fasting Good For The Liver. American Diabetes Association. A third way is to obtain your hemoglobin A1C number regularly when you go for lab work. The difference of BMI in diabetics and non-diabetics was also significant (24.5 versus 26.2, P<0.001) (Table 1). It is normal for all people to have some glucose attached to haemoglobin. You have more insulin sensitivity during the day and less at night, he says. It's a simple, safe and common way to diagnose prediabetes, diabetes or gestational diabetes. Roc plot for FBS>126 (reference variable) and HbA1c>6 (classification variable). But, it is still not in the range of diabetes. 3American Diabetes Association. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Our ROC curve showed that 6.15% is the best cutoff point graph (Figures (Figures114). A fasting blood sugar test measures sugar (glucose) in your blood. Since subjects were requested to attend in our reference laboratory for taking blood samples, those who could not attend or did not consent were excluded. If you have any concerns about your test results, you should discuss them with your doctor. Other groups that might not benefit from this strategy include those with type 1 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes that use insulin. If external events are related diabetes person to lower fasting blood sugar the goals the individual pursues, then these events may lower fasting sugar naturally cause the individual s emotions. The A1C, which is given as a percentage, indicates your average blood sugar over a two- to three-month period. Eat four pieces of hard candy. For instance, if your Step 2 total is 18,000 and you had 100 readings, your math is: 18,000 divided by 100 = 180. They were labeled bad or noncompliant despite their best efforts. My next test was 10%. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted For diabetics, this is the standard way of determining how well the diabetes is controlled. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA1c: analysis of glucose profiles and HbA1c in the diabetes control and complications trial. The association between HbA1c and FBS and also their sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in detection of abnormal values of each other were determined. To give you technically accurate, evidence-based information, content published on the Everlywell blog is reviewed by credentialed professionals with expertise in medical and bioscience fields. If your test results are normal, your healthcare provider will repeat the test every three years in the absence of symptoms. An official website of the United States government. Derakhshan a, Akhavan M, Karamifar H. Evaluation of microalbuminuria 4 to 6 years following type 1 diabetes in children. 4Tylee TS, Trence DL. Normal For the fasting sugar test, 70-100 mg/dl value is a normal range. In addition, average blood glucose levels can be converted from mg/dL to mmol/L. There are multiple tests to determine if you have high blood sugar. Generally, FBS was a more accurate predictor for HbA1c compared with HbA1c as a predictor of FBS. Given that a red blood cell has an average lifespan of 3 to 4 months, the A1C test is used to determine the status of blood glucose over the previous 3 to 4 months. It is necessary to have this artistic oral diabetic medications safe during pregnancy conception. How Is Blood Sugar Level Tested? Talk to your doctor about the right target number for you. The higher your A1C level is, the poorer your blood sugar control and the higher your risk of diabetes complications. Generally, FBS was a more accurate predictor for HbA1c compared with HbA1c as a predictor of FBS. While A1C and GMI provide a measure of how your glucose management is working, keep in mind that both are just averages. Amini M, Hoseinpoor M, Satari G, Sasan H. Investigation of the measure of HbA1c in screening of diabetes and GTT in Isfahan. But with an A1c tracker, one that calculates and displays your estimated A1c daily, youll be more in-tune with how your current diabetes regimen is going. Dont Miss: What To Have During Intermittent Fasting. While an online A1c calculator can seem like a quick way to gain clarity, it isnt the most reliable choice. But none of these numbers truly tells the whole diabetes story. Learn more about the Time in Range Coalition here. At a basic level, sticking to a window where you eat most of your calories can help prevent eating habits that contribute to poor food choices and health, such as late-night snacking and eating too many calories in one day, says Beth Warren, R.D., author of Secrets of a Kosher Girl. And women will follow the ideas of men, the key depends on whether men need diabetic medications right before a meal to do so. Roc plot for HbA1c>6 (reference variable) and FBS>126 (classification variable). Researchers found that this eating plan could help stave off type 2 diabetesbut its not for everyone. The FPG test measures your blood sugar after an extended fasting period and is more sensitive to acute illness and stress than the HbA1c test. Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating may not be suitable for those with a history of disordered eating. The Pearson correlation coefficient of FBS and HbA1c was 0.74 (P<.001); however, this correlation coefficient was significantly greater in those who had FBS>126 mg/dl (r=0.73, n=79 versus r=0.23, n=525, P<0.001). Available at . HbA1c is your average blood glucose (sugar) levels for the last two to three months. Besides, in centralized screening when laboratory facilities are available, HbA1c test, which is the percentage of glycated hemoglobin is recommended to measure the incidence or prevalence.2 Apart from the efficacy of HbA1c in detection of diabetes, it is an important marker to assess the microvascular complications and plasma glucose.7 The relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose is documented in the literature denoting a straight relationship.810 However, this relationship has not been confirmed by others.11 There is a controversy about the performance of HbA1c in case finding. You May Like: Can You Drink Coffee With Intermittent Fasting. Eating 80% of calories before 1 p.m. was more effective at blood sugar management than following a regular eating . Oset mellaty A, Sharifi F, Amir Aghdami H. Determination of normal range for HbA1c in non diabetics in Zanjan. Drink four ounces of fruit juice. It indicates what your average blood glucose levels are over the past 3 months, by measuring the percentage of blood glucose that has attached to haemoglobin. While a true lab A1c is the most accurate, we can only get those every 3 months. If you are older than 35 years old and/or have any of the following signs, your healthcare provider may recommend an A1C test [1-3]: You can take an A1C test with your healthcare provider or an at-home AC1 test. Divide the number from Step 2 by the total number of readings you took to reach that number. They argued that HbA1c is preferable because it is more time-flexible and informative in long-term conditions. Diabetes Care. Anonymous. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. The data were collected through a structural face to face interview and laboratory tests. Taking in more calories during times of day when you tend to be most active may help synch up your hormone and metabolic health, she says. A new study finds that a restricted eating plan that involves eating the bulk of your calories earlier in the day may help with blood sugar managementand reduce the chances of developing type 2 diabetes in people at risk of the condition. Finally, recent blood loss or transfusion will also have an impact on the outcomes of the test. Read more:How to Lower Blood Sugar Levels Fast, Keeping your A1C test results low can significantly reduce the risk of long-term diabetes complications such as nerve problems, damage to your eyes, kidney disease and heart problems.3. A1C tests are routinely used, but their results often have the following problems: Your A1C results are only a part of the diabetes diagnosis process. I told her bluntly. If youd like to know your average blood sugar level over that time frame, just enter your most recent HbA1c results into the A1c calculator below, then hit enter. Having Prediabetics means you have a chance to turn things around. Continue with Recommended Cookies. When repeated, the A1C test result can be slightly higher or lower than the first measurement. HbA1c>6 increased the chance of diabetes by around 25% (from 13% to 38%), while HbA1c6 increased the chance of non-diabetics by 10% (from 87% to 97%, Table 3). Follow the article below to discover HbA1c normal ranges and find out what is eAG and how we should interpret it. Enter your Hb A1c to understand what you average blood sugar . Your health care professional may use the A1C test to set your treatment goals, modify therapy, and monitor your diabetes management. And even thats pushing it! To convert the percentage values of blood glucose levels to mg/dL or mmol/mol the following formula can be used: Conversion of % to mg/dL According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the formula for conversion of % to mg/dL is: Estimated Average Glucose Level = (28.7 X HbA1C) - 46.7 HbA1c had greater sensitivity and negative predictive value in detection of FBS>126 mg/dl. But everyones different. Step 4. The Scientific Journal of Zanjan Medical University. But on this issue, as on many other issues, the concept of democracy is profoundly different from the conclusions of psychology and experience. The Hb A1c is blood test that provides a method of monitoring a person with diabetes blood sugar levels over the previous 3 months. Heres what we know so far. A fasting period of at least 8 hours is required for the FPG test, whereas no preparation is needed for the HbA1c test. Some common tests include a fasting sugar test, post-meal test, and HbA1c). Danaee N, Tamadon M, Monesan M. Investigation of diabetes control and related factors in outpatients in Fatemieh Hospital in Semnan. When you lower fasting blood are sad, learn to tell others. what to eat to bring down blood sugar Love is a very common and unpleasant euphemism. They were given a written formal consent form. She has a masters degree from American University, lives by the beach, and hopes to own a teacup pig and taco truck one day. 2022 DiabetesInfoDigest.com | If youre not dependent on insulin for blood sugar management but youre concerned about your diabetes risk, Dr. Bruno says its a good idea to consult with a doctor before making any major dietary changes. Dont be. Fasting Blood Sugar Test. National Library of Medicine By insertion of any value all other fields will update automatically. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/suppl_1/s4.full, Difference between the chance of disease after the test and the chance of disease before the test (%), Difference between the chance of nondisease after the test and the chance of non-disease before the test (%). The burden of type 2 diabetes has a rising trend in the world. The HbA1c test is a standardized test unaffected by acute changes, such as recent illness or stress [3]. The FPG test measures your blood sugar after an extended fasting period and is more sensitive to acute illness and stress than the HbA1c test. In addition to their own personalities, men want pre diabetic medications that start with j women fasting to follow him. It is said that a certain Japanese celebrity talked about the issue of what is the best thing to lower blood sugar gender equality in a certain how does alcohol affect insulin social occasion We must know where to doubt, where to be convinced, and where to what vitamins to take to lower blood sugar obey. Standards of medical care in diabetes. See A Registered Dietitian Nutritionist Blood Sugar Levels During Pregnancy If you dont already see a dietitian, you should start seeing one before you get pregnant.

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how to calculate hba1c from fasting blood sugar