She contributed all of the construction costs, on the condition that she be allowed to be buried inside. Musket balls found in the vicinity The Mission San Sab was established in 1757 for the Lipan Apache. Hours of OperationPlease call the Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park at 831-425-5849 for information. Can you list the top facts and stats about Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab? In 1995 the Comanches had an enrolled tribal population of 9,722 scattered across the United States. Spanish officials, lacking the resources to defeat them militarily, decided to pursue peace with the Comanches. Furthermore, the Spanish would often attend religious services at a nearby mission even if they had a separate church and perhaps even a separate pastor for themselves. The artist is believed, on stylistic grounds, to The missionaries had to resign themselves to visiting villages and welcoming the Indians who visited the mission. Many were forced to leave the vicinity of the old reservation to seek employment, and those who remained were divided by factionalism. In spite of the missionaries' protests, the friars were only granted spiritual jurisdiction. The 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek, the last treaty made with the Comanches, established a reservation for the Comanches, Kiowas, and Kiowa Apaches in southwestern Indian Territory between the Washita and Red rivers. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/san-lorenzo-de-la-santa-cruz-mission. At other times disputes over resources or rights would flare up. The result was the Spanish-Comanche Treaty of 1785, a document that Comanches honored, with only minor violations, until the end of the century. The Comanches remained a nomadic people throughout their free existence. After the Linnville raid of 1840, as the Comanches made their escape to the north, they were intercepted at Plum Creek near the site of present Lockhart and routed by Texan forces. (on file California State Parks, Santa Cruz District). In 1849 the army established a line of forts to protect the frontier, but settlers rapidly pushed beyond the established cordon and became vulnerable to attacks by Comanches who were attempting to defend their traditional range. The Observer, Vol. "Ruins of Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab." The friars wanted a garrison, but at a respectable distance from the settlements. They and their Very few Indians were killed in the engagements, but their mounts and supplies were so depleted that they could not survive the winter on the plains and were forced to enter the reservation. of the church at Mission San Sab where Spaniards Lost and Found Franciscans from several of their provinces and missionary colleges in New Spain established all the missions in Texas. On the other hand, at more solidly established mission communities such as San Jos y San Miguel de Aguayo, Indians themselves served as mission guards. Curtis D. Tunnell and William W. Newcomb, A Lipan Apache Mission: San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz (Austin: Texas Memorial Museum, 1969). William T. Hagan, United States-Comanche Relations: The Reservation Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976; rpt., Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. The present mission chapel building is a replica located near the original site, on which Holy Cross . Indians sacked the place and began celebrating victory. The Mision Galeria is a gallery of historic relics and contemporary religious art. The ruins of the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab are located in Menard, Texas. Through this unique missionary approach, adapted to a proud semimigrant population and lasting three-quarters of a century, many La Juntans apparently accepted an Indian-controlled process of Christianization. June 25, 2021. The Lost Adobe collapsed during the 19th century and no remnants remain. nearby Presidio, but the palisade was soon overcome and Father However, some of the more experienced friars learned to tolerate if not encourage certain group practices originally associated with native religion, such as the matachines dances or even mitotes (native celebrations with dancing and possibly peyote), when they judged them to be relatively free of elements inadmissible in Christianity. The amity that had developed through mutually beneficial trade quickly disintegrated when the newly arrived Texans began surveying land that Comanches considered their traditional hunting ground, and the two soon became implacable enemies. After Louisiana passed from French to Spanish rule in 1763, thus eliminating the need for border defense in East Texas, the three remaining missions there were closed in 1773, along with all other Spanish foundations, in order to reduce crown expenses. With the exception of Rosario Mission, they had several decades of material prosperity and actually endured, although in a greatly weakened condition, past the Mexican War of Independence, which ended in 1821. Rbago carried instructions from Viceroy Marqus de Cruillas to explore lands between the San Saba River and New Mexico, with the objective of establishing Spanish presence in a region that was threatened by the French. Photo by Jay Kothmann. Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab, Real Presidio de San Saba ruins, 1936 Texas Centennial marker, historical markers, Menard County: photos, travel, and more. three Spanish priests in residence tried to placate the allied rebuilt in 1936. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. perhaps in 1765, about 6 years after the mission was destroyed. Motives), there are many excellent historical accounts The presidio commander, Col. Diego Ortiz Parrilla, was relieved of command in 1760, after his defeat in the disastrous Red River campaign of the previous year. Jos de Pez. Built for the Apaches in Central Texas. Their range extended from the Edwards Plateau to the headwaters of the Central Texas rivers. The resultant alternative mission systems allowed much more interplay and flexibility in relations between the Indians and the Spanish. Directions to the MissionFrom CA-17 South:Exit CA-1 toward Half Moon Bay. (formally, Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas) near that the mural is fairly accurate. The Spanish mission was a frontier institution that sought to incorporate indigenous people into the Spanish colonial empire, its Catholic religion, and certain aspects of its Hispanic culture through the formal establishment or recognition of sedentary Indian communities entrusted to the tutelage of missionaries under the . were surrounded by 2000 Wichita, Comanche, and Caddo As a practical response some friars apparently adopted the practice of staying at La Junta only part of the year and spending the rest in the new town of Chihuahua. The main gate and other areas of the site were reconstructed in 2011 after much of the 1936 reconstruction had collapsed." Photo by J. Brett Cruse. Just as in their former towns to the north, the local Indian authorities, with the approval of Spanish officials, retained control over the economic and political life of their communities. The archeologist who narrates the remainder 25 # 8, 1993, Edwards, R., C. Simpson Smith & R.P..Hampson, "Historical Resources Investigations at Holy Cross Church, Santa Cruz, California,1999, (on file, Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University). Stationed at the religious outpost were fathers Diego Jimnez and Joaqun de Baos, as well as a garrison of twenty soldiers detached from the presidio at San Sab. Greater numbers of civilians were already working or even living within mission properties at the invitation of the missionaries, and they entailed increased labor costs. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. [8] There the Franciscan brothers erected a tent for worship to bring Christianity to the Awaswas people. Menard's citizens are undertaking an ambitious restoration The fifth major band, known as Quahadis ("Antelopes"), roamed the high plains of the Llano Estacado. Unfortunately, some of the people from Branciforte took advantage of this mission vacancy and looted many of the remaining items left behind at Santa Cruz. That sentiment was echoed by Jacobo de Ugarte y Loyola, governor of Coahuila, in April 1770. Other bands, however, continued to raid Spanish settlements. In later decades, while the civilian population increased through birth, immigration, and the retirement of local soldier-settlers into civilian life, the Indian mission population was often decreasing. The Franciscans themselves were often responsible, especially in the earlier decades, not only for the supervision of the mission community but also for the spiritual care of the local Spanish. reconstructing enough of the fort to give visitors a keen sense of its past. The area is on private property and visitors are not allowed. Teach Mission San Sab Tribal decisions were made by a council of chiefs presided over by the head civil chief, but individuals were not bound to accept council decisions. Many mission communities were only maintained by constant new recruitment, with missionaries ranging farther and farther afield as local populations declined (see HEALTH AND MEDICINE). Since there were no surviving photographs or drawings of the original structure, design of the replica chapel was adapted from an 1876 (19 years after the collapse of the building's front half) painting by the French painter Lon Trousset. Unaccompanied by military or Hispanic settlers, the missionaries had to flee several times in the next few years due to regional revolts. Though Mexican authorities in Texas continued the Spanish policy of pursuing peace with the Comanches, the unstable government in Mexico City failed to provide the resources necessary to accomplish the job with any permanence. They seceded from the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Intertribal Business Committee, which had served as their government since passage of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936. Nowhere in Texas were the small and scattered settlements and missions free from attack. When the Marqus de Rub visited San Lorenzo in July 1767, he was highly critical of it and the nearby mission, Nuestra Seora de la Candelaria del Can. sketches. In the later 1600s members of these groups began engaging on their own terms in a continuing system of migrant labor and military alliance with Spaniards residing in the Conchos River district of Mexico to the south. San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz Mission, Periodic attacks of Apaches and other tribes again forced the Franciscans and some natives to flee at times. usually at localities between Menard and San Sab, and the Mission Hill Area as a United States Historic District as site number 76000530 on May 17, 1976.[7]. But once they entered, coercion was used when judged appropriate. Buffalo, their lifeblood, provided food, clothing, and shelter. Hons Coleman Richards, The Establishment of the Candelaria and San Lorenzo Missions on the Upper Nueces (M.A. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) The native groups of the southern Gulf Coast of Texas, known collectively as Karankawas, were somewhat stronger in their economy and defense than their immediate neighbors, and from the beginning they accepted only temporary or seasonal mission life. then it, too, was abandoned as the Spanish frontier retreated money to finance the Mission San Sab. Seven Texans were also killed in the melee, and eight were wounded. A stone fountain from the original mission complex stands in the garden behind the gift shop. The state also usually provided military protection and enforcement. The mission came under attack by 300 Comanches and their allies in October 1766, followed by a second assault in the following month, but both were repulsed. This protection was essential to any foundation in such a vast territory as Texas, which was inhabited by several powerful and often belligerent tribes. Four miles upstream, the 30 soldiers at the The family shipped the mural to the United States Merge onto CA-1 north. Completed in 1931, the current chapel is one-third the size of the original. In 1683 some of them invited Franciscans to live among them. In other areas of what is now Texas the Franciscans were forced to accept even greater adaptations to their preferred mission system. Democratic principle was strongly implanted in Comanche political organization. The destruction of a Spanish mission near the San Sab River in March 1758 demonstrated how aggressive and fierce the Comanches could be, though the number of dead at San Sab might have been much greater if not for a nearby presidio. Rupert N. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement (Glendale, California: Clark, 1933; rpt., Millwood, New York: Kraus, 1973). In regard to the primary missionary objective of the Franciscans themselves, it is clear that the vast majority of the native population of Texas and even of those Indians who at one time or another resided at missions never became fundamentally Christian. research program centered on the San Sab River valley. Each tribal division had both civil or peace chiefs and war chiefs, but traditionally the head civil chief was most influential. The mission sits on the corner of Emmett and High Street. Cruz de San Sab, a small, hastily constructed compound These three divisions are sometimes referred to collectively as Middle Comanches. Santa Cruz de San Sab Mission, San Saba County, Texas, "Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab and Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas -- Spanish Colonial Missions of the Southwest Travel Itinerary." The houses, church, and Comanches continued to dominate much of Texas, both in trade and warfare. The story of Mission San Sab and Since 1990, he has taught at Texas Tech and involved At San Jos and elsewhere were Indians who preferred the benefits of permanent settlement in a mission community. Herbert Eugene Bolton, Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1915; rpt., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970). The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. In the first few years of the new Republic of Mexicobetween 1824 and 1830all the missions still operating in Texas were officially secularized, with the sole exception of those in the El Paso district, which were turned over to diocesan pastors only in 1852. Their clothing, made of bison hide or buckskin, consisted of breechclout, leggings, and moccasins for men, and fringed skirt, poncho-style blouse, leggings, and moccasins for women. Sometime during the late seventeenth century, the Comanches acquired horses, and that acquisition drastically altered their culture. The original La Baha Mission in 1722 in the Karankawas' own territory had foundered on this reality. This became the first work of art to depict a historical event in Spanish Texas. Relations based upon trade and military alliance offered these Indian groups all they wanted with much more freedom than the mission approach. Santa Cruz de San Sab Mission was sacked and burned, and eight of its inhabitants, including two priests, were killed. When Nacogdoches was reoccupied as a Spanish civil settlement in 1779, an official mission was not reestablished there. Most of the Indians along the lower Rio Grande were also weak, and some were already accustomed to doing seasonal migrant labor for the Spanish in nearby Nuevo Len and Coahuila. allied natives roasted several slaughtered oxen and feasted At the same time, the mission cemetery was excavated and the remains moved to a mass grave at Old Holy Cross Cemetery, a few miles to the east. In 1821 Mexico won independence from Spain, but the change of government had little impact in Comanchera. The presidio and mission structures built on the San Saba River in 1757 were temporary jacal or wattle-and-daub constructions (daub being a primitive mortar made from mud). Horses also became a measure of Comanche wealth and a valuable trade commodity. reminders of the Spanish presence. In recent years, a group of local volunteers have been working to restore the old cemetery, and to identify the mission gravesite and those whose remains were moved there. methods used in its construction. This spirit championed individual human rights and a capitalist economy advocating private rather than communal property. the victorious Indians were feasting, the survivors led by California Department of Parks and Recreation, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Cruz County, California, Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway, "Site of Mission Santa Cruz, California State Historical Marker", "Santa Cruz Mission State Historical Park", http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/articles/23/, "Thousands buried in mass, unmarked Live Oak grave honored with memorial", "The Literature and locations of the Phoenix Button", "Mission Hill Tunnel Santa Cruz Trains", Official Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park website, Early photographs, sketches, land surveys of Mission Santa Cruz, "Mission Santa Cruz, Emmet & School Streets, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, CA", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_Santa_Cruz&oldid=1162684072, The Mission of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Santa Cruz Mission Adobe museum; Parish chapel, This page was last edited on 30 June 2023, at 15:16. Everyone fled, so some people took advantage of the vacancy and stole items, Secularization brought the end of the mission system, Major earthquakes in 1856 and 1857 wrecked havoc, Smaller replica mission was completed in 1931, Original painting, statues, and a chalice used by Serra remain intact, Mission museum features vestments from significant periods of California history. Daily life was to follow a highly organized routine of prayer, work, training, meals, and relaxation, punctuated by frequent religious holidays and celebrations. A new wooden church was built next door in 1858. The mural is thought to be the earliest painting of Anthropology at Texas Tech University. Mission Santa Cruz has a hidden single track gated railroad tunnel running under it. Other Comanche bands, farther removed from White settlement, still freely roamed the plains. stains uncovered at the site to provide further evidence of As the Anglo-American population grew, relations between Americans and Comanches began to deteriorate. The La Juntans were insistent that they did not want a Spanish fort or settlement established in their midst. The only surviving mission building, a dormitory for native acolytes, has been restored to its original appearance and functions as a museum of the Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park. This building technique is known as wattle-and-daub All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. On sale now, while supplies last. The present mission chapel building is a replica located near the original site, on which Holy Cross Church now stands. The treaty did not greatly improve conditions in Texas, however, because the Comanches would not stay on the lands allotted them and continued to conduct destructive raids in Texas. We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. The San Antonio settlement comprised the missions, San Antonio de Bxar Presidio, and the town of San Fernando de Bxar. Mission San Sab San Sab Main Spanish Motives Lost and Found Texas Tech Investigations In Retrospect Teach Mission San Sab Credits & Sources Lost and FoundThe Rediscovery of Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab Dr. Kathleen Gilmore was able to determine from Spanish records that the mission was 1.5 leagues from the presidio. Federal agents and Comanche leaders attempted to preserve peace despite frequent outbreaks of hostilities, as White settlement continued to encroach on Comanche hunting grounds. The Comanches did not arrive on the South Plains as a unified body but rather in numerous family groups or bands. De Bouchard had earlier vandalized Monterey, and for fear of a reoccurrence at Santa Cruz, the mission residence packed up valuables and fled to Mission Soledad. The Spaniards in New Mexico, who came into contact with the Comanches in the early eighteenth century, gave the tribe the name by which they were later known to Spaniards and Americans alike. But increased settlement was never effectively promoted except along the lower Rio Grande and in the El Paso area. Although no Apache ever resided at the mission, its existence convinced the Comanche that the Spanish had allied with the Comanche's mortal enemy. Although the mission attracted 400 Indians within a week, the priests soon perceived that the Apaches had no real interest in conversion. The remains of mission San Lorenzo have been excavated by Curtis D. Tunnell. By the 1750s the Lipan Apaches, which consisted of several strong, mounted bands, were beginning to lose ground in Central Texas to their enemies, the Comanches and their allies, who were ranging down from the north. More than 500 warriors led by Buffalo Hump made a sweep through south Texas, devastating the towns of Victoria and Linnville and killing twenty-five Texans. On the morning of March 16, 1758, Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab, a small, hastily constructed compound enclosed by a wooden palisade, was surrounded by 2000 hostile Indians including Wichita, Comanche, and Caddo warriors. June 25, 2021. During this period, the Lipan Apache became the target for these conversion efforts. To the degree that the mission effort succeeded, it furthered the Spanish goals of political, economic, and religious expansion in America in competition with other European-origin nations. Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba was one of the Spanish missions in Texas. The stone foundations of an unidentified adobe on the east edge of Mission Hill in Santa Cruz was first discovered in 1978. We need your support because we are a non-profit that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. as a known place shortly after 1900. And Rosario Mission, established for the Karankawas in 1754 at the final site of La Baha, although materially sound, faced the same challenge. Remnant of burned post that once The site, rediscovered in the fall of 1993 and proved by archeologists in January 1994, is on the San Saba River about three miles east of the present town of Menard and four miles from the ruins of San Luis de las Amarillas Presidio, which was built to protect the mission. Peace commissioners did succeed in negotiating a treaty with a band of Penateka Comanches led by Muguara, Muestyah, and Muhy, but the treaty was never ratified by the Texas Senate. at the Presidio the next day apparently saved the garrison Although most East Texas Indians did not embrace Catholicism, a few were clearly assimilated into Spanish Catholic society, both before and after 1773. his undergraduate and graduate students in an ambitious regional Comanche attacks escalated in the early 1780s, and Spanish officials feared the province of Texas would be lost. Although the missionary strategy was to maintain as strict a vigilance as possible over the life of the missionized natives, most Indian groups in Texas were seminomadic and did not intend to adopt a year-round fixed sedentary existence, even if they voluntarily entered a mission for a time. from the fires, and were soon surrounded themselves. This alternative missionary approach was credited with converting certain of the Karankawas to at least some Christian ways. The painting was commissioned by Don Pedro Romero de Terreros, The treaty resulting from the Tehuacana Creek councils, signed by Buffalo Hump and other chiefs, called for peace and trade between Texans and Comanches, but once again no agreement was reached on a boundary to separate the two nations. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. The Comanches, who saw their way of life rapidly vanishing, turned to a young Quahadi medicine man for leadership. Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab was one of the Spanish missions in Texas. The band structure of Comanche society was not rigid, and bands coalesced and broke apart, depending on the needs and goals of their members. Stationed at the religious outpost were fathers Diego Jimnez and Joaqun de Baos, as well as a garrison of twenty soldiers detached from the presidio at San Sab. The relative success of the San Antonio missions themselves was only maintained in the later 1700s by distant recruitment among embattled groups near the Gulf Coast or in the lower Rio Grande country.
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