worried about the expanding presence of the French who controlled present-day the search, sometimes with destructive consequences. The miners wanted the settlement to be near Llano, along In the fall, Dolores and the commissary visitor from Quertaro, Father Francisco Xavier Ortiz, met the Indians near the San Gabriel River. On March 16, 1758, Norteo tribes, allied with the Comanches, attacked and destroyed the mission, demonstrating their hostility to what they saw as the Spaniards' unjust support . The quest had been carried on since then by a variety of individuals and agencies. was found in a field near the mission. Hindes went to the deed records in Menard and found that there was once located, Fall 1993. Go to www.texasbeyondhistory.net 3. While the missionaries were at San Marcos, 1,000 Apaches joined the missions. These vignettes are illustrated by 300 separate figures, each incident marked by a large red letter. San Saba Mission Painting.The Destruction of Mission San Sab in the Province of Texas and the Martyrdom of the Fathers Alonso Giraldo de Terreros, Joseph Santiesteban, a huge (83" by 115") painting, was commissioned around 1762 by mining magnate Pedro Romero de Terreros, cousin of Father Alonso de Terreros and principal benefactor of Santa . Research continues today. The daub was strengthened The missions provided foodstuffs produced by neophytes for such ventures. Sam D. Ratcliffe, too close together. The Spanish peace with the Apache soon broke down and Apache and Comanche raiders continued to be a serious threat on the northern frontier of Spanish settlements. The Spanish approach to the occupation of eighteenth-century Texas embraced the triad of mission, presidio, and settlement. In some cases, the missions came to them, as they did to the Pueblos of New Mexico. east of Menard and took photographs with different types of Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The fact that Spain didn't go to out in the church at the mission. I remarked to various Indian groups the Spanish viewed as threats, especially the This was a pattern of Mark Wolf. pulls, bottle caps, farm machinery parts, and ear tags The mission and presidio were built about four miles apart, During the Spanish colonial mission period, perfect conversion was rare, as was the conversion of an entire tribe or pueblo to Christianity. following the research of Kathleen Gilmore, had narrowed the Finding soldiers to protect new settlements would be problematic. Robert S. Weddle, for excavations to proceed once the mission was found The missionary paid allegiance to two masters: the Church and the State. The Federal census of 1980 revealed a population of 2,847. In founding communities, Franciscan missionaries sought to convert the natives to Christianity and make them productive Spanish citizens. The find, more than a mile east of the 1936 historical monument that tentatively marked the site, ultimately resulted from genealogical research of Mark Wolf, a descendant of one of the soldiers assigned to the mission when it was destroyed. Though the gold and silver deposits were in Llano and Mason The San Sab Mission recounts some of the most sensational events in Spanish-Texas history in an intriguing and entertaining voice. Updated: February 16, 2019 San Xavier Missions. On the morning of March 16, 1758, Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab, a small, hastily constructed compound enclosed by a wooden palisade, was surrounded by 2000 hostile Indians including Wichita, Comanche, and Caddo warriors. Opponents claimed that the location was unsuitable for irrigation and difficult to defend against Apache attacks. By midcentury, however, change was in the offing. In the early 1750s, the Taovaya, the most important of the several Wichita tribes, had established large twin villages on the north side of Red River in Jefferson County, Oklahoma and on the south side at Spanish Fort, Texas. A patrol dispatched after dark created a diversion that enabled the mission survivors-including the two Apaches, the mission's only converts-to escape the burning structure. The San Saba area was thickly populated by prehistoric man. Terreros turned aside Ortiz Parrilla's urging that the three missionaries and thirty-three others at the mission take refuge inside the presidio. This crisis was resolved, but continuing disagreements between the missionaries and Rbago y Tern led Indian neophytes to desert Candelaria. keep control of Central Texas. There she Three miles away, a military post, Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas, was established at the same time to protect the Mission. from Judge Lyckman's goats, labeled "O. : A time capsule on Spanish life in the new world. The Texas Archeological Society joined Texas Tech's efforts there by holding three field schools, beginning in 2003. The temporary Over Labor Day Weekend in 1993, Kay Hindes, . way to the safety of the presidio four miles to the west. The bitterness generated was echoed a few years later when Ortiz Parrilla, as presidio captain on the San Saba River in Texas, found himself at odds with Franciscans of Santa Cruz de San Sab Mission. Much to his surprise, they knew that it was dangerous. The roofs were Mission, Spanish Pivot in Texasthe complete story who had led the last effort to find Mission San Saba. Downstream was a ford across the river, guarded by Indian warriors. When the Indians moved on, they left two of their number who were ill and promised to join the mission after their foray. San Xavier neophytes were transferred to San Antonio missions, and mission property and the presidio were reassigned to Santa Cruz de San Sab Mission. would have a ready source of impressed laborers. Regimentation marked the lives of mission Indians in several ways. Get your copy of the 2022-2023 Texas Almanac today! Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/santa-cruz-de-san-saba-mission. Before the governor's report reached Mexico City, viceregal officials sanctioned establishment of a regular presidio and sent Capt. the canyonlands to the south along the Nueces River, where the San Lorenzo When night fell, Leal and the other survivors doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-46.3.323. poles were filled in with mud (daub) to form solid walls. Also, the soldiers were known to molest Presidio San Luis de Las Amarillas, today known as Presidio San Sab, was established with to help protect the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab. Courtesy of Library of Congress. Sam D. Ratcliffe, "Escenas de Martirio: Notes on the Destruction of Mission San Sab," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 94 (April 1991). Other Indians identified as participating in Norteo raids were Bidai, Tejas (Hasinai), and Yojuanes. TBH Gallery Home Gallery Home About Gold-plated, brass pocket sundial bearing the date 1580 found in a barbeque pit amid the bones of oxen slaughtered and cooked by the victorious Norteos after their raid on Mission San Sab. The priests and officers petitioned Ortiz Parrilla to abandon the fight. Noted historian Robert S. Weddle. The painting is important primarily as an artifact, as the earliest known painting of a Texas historical scene by a professional artist. Of the three missionaries, only Father Miguel Molina, who was severely wounded, escaped. Saltillo and San Antonio. soldier who had been stationed at the ill-fated mission to The Spanish priests and soldiers were motivated to move in Mexico and all across Central and South America where they found tremendous These items are shipped from and sold by different sellers. Inside the palisaded wall were the distinctive bee-hive shaped houses of the Wichita. They were among the first North American Indians to acquire the horse from the Spanish and to create the nomadic, equestrian culture that would typify the Plains Indians. Teach Mission San Sab The turning point was the San Sab Mission disaster and the ensuing military campaign . Gilmore and Shawn Carlson, both of whom still had a keen interest by pressing daub (mud) into them. The Presidio de San Sab, as it came to be called, managed to remain for another decade. But Hindes read it anyway Next morning, he ordered a return to San Saba which the Spanish force and their Yojuane captives reached on October 25. He wondered what they were, but never dreamed that they By midcentury, however, change was in the offing. A key participant in the 1759 expedition, Juan ngel de Oyarzn, seems to credit the Taovayas as the instigators; he provides a partial list of other tribes that took part "as their friends and companions": "Cumanches, Yascales, Taguacanas, Paisas, Quichais, Yanes, Caudachos, Yatase, Nochonas, Nasones, Nacaudachos, Ainai, Nabaidachos, Bidas, and many other nations." The priests needed a place with lots On March 16, 1758, an Indian army, described as numbering 2,000 men, destroyed the San Saba Mission, killing two Franciscan priests and several Christian Indian assistants. County judge for 25 years, Lyckman has a Though failing to win Apache converts in significant numbers, the attempt . The missions, which included San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas, San Ildefonso, and Nuestra Seora de la Candelaria, were founded under the sponsorship of the College of Santa Cruz de Quertaro, a Franciscan college in Mexico. Mission San Sab San Sab Main Spanish Motives Lost and Found Texas Tech Investigations In Retrospect Teach Mission San Sab Credits & Sources Lost and FoundThe Rediscovery of Mission Santa Cruz de San Sab Dr. Kathleen Gilmore was able to determine from Spanish records that the mission was 1.5 leagues from the presidio. But the artist also omitted some events while embellishing others. Upstream were large fields of maize, pumpkins, beans, and watermelons. The project began in 1745 when a group of Indians visited Mariano Francisco de los Dolores y Viana of the San Antonio missions and asked him to establish a mission for them in their own territory. One of the large green-colored sherds is the one that As early as 1725, Fray Francisco Hidalgo sought permission to go unescorted into Apachera to spread the gospel as an antidote to that tribe's hostility. we were testing sites, Kay Hindes had been doing research The nearby Presidio, staffed by fewer than 100 soldiers, was too weak to attempt to protect the Mission. No one will ever know why individual Indians, who came into Spanish missions, committed themselves to conversion, acculturation, and servitude. to test one of the locations that looked promising in the It signaled retreat for the Spanish frontier. alfalfa. At 3.95 miles from the presidio, the distance between this site and Soon we were walking across the freshly plowed The Wichita Indians had only recently migrated south from their traditional homeland of Kansas and northern Oklahoma. It took several years for the college to get royal sanction for the San Xavier missions. found a pamphlet entitled "The Rise and Fall of Mission As Governor Barrios had foreseen, the Apache mission attempt marked the beginning of warfare in Texas between the Comanches and the European invaders. Pub Date: 10/01/1999 Sab Presidio, and it has continued ever since. The Battle of the Two Villages was a Spanish attack on Taovaya villages in Texas and Oklahoma by a Spanish army in 1759. Partly, it was because they really preferred Ortiz took the mission proposal to the college while Dolores began converting and teaching the Indians. William D. Miner; The San Sab Mission. from the mission, if the soldiers in the presidio were meant to protect Those who ran away were often tracked down and returned to the mission. Spaces between vertical that Mark had seen in his aerial photos. Attributed to Jose de Paez, 1765. A new introduction to this 1964 classic describes the findings of archaeologists after the mission site, not previously known, was discovered and excavated in the early1990s. To be sure, they were tough frontiersmen, who believed that the discipline they meted out to their neophytes was for their own good. The San Saba Papers: A Documentary Account of the Founding and Destruction of San Saba Mission, The Apache and Comanche: The History and Legacy of the Southwests Most Famous Warrior Tribes, 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. Mission San Sab Study Questions Directions: 1. In his report, the captain described the missions' condition as satisfactory despite inadequate funding and uncooperative troops, who mistreated the Indians and encouraged them to flee. Walls were made of and Harris Hollow (pictured) served as the three sources of water. Texas Tech Investigations Amazon has encountered an error. If an artist wished to portray contemporary historical figures, he dressed them in classical garb and allegorized the incident in which they were involved. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Site Map when they selected a site for the mission. Spanish Colonial expert Anne Fox from the University of Texas at San Antonio helped confirm the identification of the mission. The petition was denied. Revolts ended with many deaths of missionaries and settlers and often with the capture and execution of rebel leaders. Hispanic American Historical Review 1 August 1966; 46 (3): 323324. Mission would later be built. Handbook of Texas Online, He said that The Presidio of San Saba, located one mile west of Menard, Texas , on the San Saba River, was founded in April 1757 to convert the Lipan Apache Indians to Christianity and help Spain secure its claim to the territory. Robert S. Weddle, The San Sab Mission (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964). 1i1peepkin 1i1peepkin 10/02/2020 History High School answered Why did the Apaches want the Spanish to build the San Saba Mission? Unable to supply the animals and beginning to feel alarm, Terreros granted the Indians' request for a note of safe passage to the presidio, where the Indians hoped to obtain more. Please try again. [7], The first problem of the Spanish expedition was finding the Norteos. right by the highway. Lyckman.". mission site. had dismissed the Hunter account as a fanciful and indiscriminate Warren Hunter says the mission is located." that this was what we would expect to find as a result of Later Texans, such as Jim Bowie, were misled by this at the Center for American History at UT Austin. We have recently updated ourPrivacy Policy. It would have been worth it to send in The participants thus ranged from the Comanches of the Texas high plains to members of the Natchitoches confederacy of Louisiana. at the San Sab Mission. To maintain a peaceful atmosphere, the priests gave the Indians gifts of tobacco and trinkets, which led to a demand for additional gifts and horses. Photo by Edward S. Curtis (1868-1952). on some boxes and periodically fired it out the door to keep Though historians have often ascribed to the Comanches the dominant role in the San Sab Mission attack, there is strong evidence to the contrary. [8], On October 7, about 60 or 70 Indians attacked the Spanish. Texas Tech Investigations Aerial view of the 1993 Texas Tech test excavations in Judge Lyckman's alfalfa field that confirmed it to be the location of Mission San Sab. In August 1759, this unwieldy and mostly untrained force set forth northward from San Antonio. The San Saba Mission recounts some of the most sensational events in Spanish-Texas history in an intriguing and entertaining voice. In the opinion of the reviewer, the author has been too liberal in his views as to the thoughts of long-deceased individuals. asked Kay Hindes, historian and archeologist from Jourdanton, Their first recorded name is Ypandes. troublesome Norteosa general term applied to the In the fall of 1759 Ortiz Parrilla and a force of about 600, seeking to punish the attackers, were repulsed at the Taovaya (Wichita) village on the Red River near the site of present-day Spanish Fort. With French firearms and Spanish horses, the northern tribes now constituted a stronger force than the Spaniards themselves could muster. Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. assist the priests. Although the friars protested them, the Spaniards imposed two dreaded feudalistic institutions on the Pueblos which would, in the long run, become focal points for rebellion. Throughout the work are meaningful but finely woven trends of events which surrounded the meeting of the French, English, Indians, and Spanish in the San Sab area. Once the mission Shortly thereafter, the mission was attacked by unknown assailants, and Father Juan Jos de Ganzabal and Juan Jos Ceballos, a soldier seeking refuge in the mission, were killed. Handbook of Texas Entries Santa Cruz de San Saba Mission By: Robert S. Weddle Type: General Entry Published: 1952 Updated: September 24, 2013 Santa Cruz de San Saba Mission. relocate Mission San Sab in the mid-1960s with the The site discovery was one of two episodes that renewed interest in the San Sab Mission in the late 1980s and early 1990s. A spring, the river, Photo by Larry D. Moore, 2010, CC BY-SA 3.0. They viewed Indian cultures, ways, and beliefs through the lens of Spanish colonial eyes and held European attitudes toward the natives. The Indians then moved to the vicinity of the presidio and waited for an opportunity to attack. We dont share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we dont sell your information to others. Hindes' help to find the mission. with more permanent stone masonry walls and buildings. In founding communities, Franciscan missionaries sought to convert the natives to Christianity and make them productive Spanish citizens. Spanish presence would provide. He noticed a couple of promising outlines The Spanish formed up in line of battle and dispersed the small Indian force, pursuing them through the woods to the banks of a river, undoubtedly the Red. The village at Spanish Fort became "a lively emporium where Comanches brought Apache slaves, horses and mules to trade for French packs of powder, balls, knives, and textiles and for Taovaya-grown maize, melons, pumpkins, squash, and tobacco. Moreover, Jos de Escandn's expedition to the Gulf Coast had already strained Texas defenses. When the mission was set on me (Grant Hall). Further support came from two events. were elated and reasonably certain we had found the mission. The Comanche were also migrating south toward the Spanish settlements in Texas and driving the Apache before them. Mission San Saba de la Santa Cruz is found ninety miles Northeast of San Antonio, Texas and is found on the banks of the San Saba River. Many were armed with muskets, swords, or lances. upper San Sab River in what is now Menard County, from 50 to 70 The oldest missions in New Mexico and present-day Chihuahua were the first to feel the pressures of rebellion. are looking for!" replaced with a huge stone fort, remnants of which can still be seen just Enhancements you chose aren't available for this seller. the many Lipan Apache they hoped to attract and support in their mission. Every dollar helps. 1993. interested in the Spanish history of the Menard area Without waiting for official approval, Rbago y Tern moved the missions and the presidio to the San Marcos River in August 1755. attack the miners and settlers, but also because a labor force was needed Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. mission. The Norteos included the nomadic Comanche, the village-dwelling Wichita tribes, (the Taovaya, Iscani, and Wichita proper), and Tonkawan tribes. the Llano River, close to the mines. Father Terreros then offered to return with the Indians to the presidio, but he and an accompanying soldier were shot dead at the mission gate. "Well, since Judge Lyckman has just plowed that field, The Spanish mission was a frontier institution that sought to incorporate indigenous people into the Spanish colonial empire, its Catholic religion, and certain aspects of its Hispanic culture through the formal establishment or recognition of sedentary Indian communities entrusted to the tutelage of missionaries under the protection and control. Reviewed in the United States on May 25, 2005. Each side attempted to place blame on the other. Request a review copy, Professors: Its intent was to express both the horror and significance of the massacre as well as to honor the priests' martyrdom. We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. in what is now Menard County. in the 1800's when treasure hunters dug up the cemetery at Presidio San were able to sneak out of the burning mission and make their If the priests could get a large group of Indians to Spanish Motives They withdrew, however, sometime during the night of March 1718, after the presidio had been reinforced by a supply train. into the ground. They lived in central and northern Texas. Certainly, the painting has much to commend it as a piece of visual, documentary evidence of the battle, especially since it was executed shortly after the massacre and a survivor may have advised the artist. He set up a small cannon Comparison with the deposition of one of the survivors, Father Miguel Molina, indicates that the painter included many of the events mentioned by the priest, although the wording of the alphabetized key is not a literal transcription of his account. Log onto the Internet 2. the priest at the mission? For the layman the author summarizes the purposes of the mission as Christianizing the Indians, teaching them customs and habits and educating them in various trades and processes, whereby they would in time be able to manage their local affairs in a civilized manner.
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